UGC 112 3rd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Current Lecture I The Mongol Legacy and the Rise of New Islamic Dynasties II Three Islamic Empires 1 The Rise of the Ottoman Empire A The Conquest of Constantinople in 1453 B Murad II and his successor Mehmed the Conquerer C The Tools of Empire Building D Religious Principles E Istanbul and the Topkapi Palace F Diversity and ControlI 2 The Safavid Empire in Iran 3 The Mughal Empire A Comparison The Romanovs B The Declining Delhi Sultana C Rivalries Religious Revival and the First Mughal Emperor III Major Questions to Ponder Today Current Lecture The Mongol Legacy and the Rise of New Islamic Dynasties Two catastrophes that paved the way for new Islamic states to emerge 1 The Black Death was devastating 2 Mongol destruction of Islam s most important city and capital of the Abbasid Empire Baghdad eliminated Islam s old political order Ottoman Safavid and the Mughal dynasties became powerful enough to become empires themselves The Mongols had two tactics involved in their ruling 1 Parading around with heads of oppositionists on pikes 2 Borrowing skills from across the empire and promoting the exchange of technology and knowledge Black Death had overtaken Egypt Syria and Cyprus by 1348 These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute In the eastern Mediterranean the plague left much of the Islamic world in a state of near political and economic collapse The Ottomans in Anatolia and the Safavids in western Persia operated to rebuild state institutions Mongol invasions are what brought devastation to Persia and Iraq Influx of nomadic peoples enabled a new Islamic world to appear Three Islamic Empires Formed a triangular formation on the map Anatolia Khurasan Baghdad With old Arabic speaking Islamic world at the heart of Islam geographically The heart of Islam now had to cede authority to new rulers and religious men however Each empire shared core Islamic beliefs but had their own unique political features The Ottoman Empire Sunni view of Islam The Safavids Shiite view of Islam their rulers were bad at expanding beyond their PERSIAN base Mughals ruled over the wealthy but separated area that is modern day India Pakistan and Bangledesh They carried the region s religious and political traditions of assimilation of Islamic and pre Islamic Indian ways They were a constant target for internal dissent and external upset 1 The Rise of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Turks were the ultimate victors in the Anatolia Seljuk Turk vs Monghols foray attack Transformed themselves into rulers of a settled state Osman was their chief Stern and disciplined Warrior Ethos philosophy They had a whole class of young men who were trained from youth to know how to move in a coordinated fashion carry out effective attacks Based in Bursa Anatolia Became the champion of Sunni Islam throughout the Islamic world Expanded into the BALKANS and became the most powerful force in the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia Sultan was at the top of the hierarchy Then military and civilian bureaucracy demanded obedience and revenue form subjects A The Conquest of Constantinople in 1453 The expansion of the Ottoman Empire was largely due to military ordeals They promised wealth and glory to those who were new subjects Emperor Constantine was a strong supporter of Christianity Constantinople was the holy place for orthodox churches When it fell the shock was equivalent to the fall of Rome in 476 Multilingual Means many languages Turkish was originally used When you write in Arabic it goes from right to left Lots of places spoke Arabic Other sections had Armenian Constantinople was an all important city that was a symbol of religious unity magnificent and wealthy in its own regard B Murad II and his successor Mehmed the Conquerer Mehmed conquest of Constantinople Muslim rulers had wanted this since the birth of Islam so it was a great accomplishment for Mehmed He then wanted to conquer the capital of the Byzantine Empire He built a fortress to keep European vessels from reaching the capital Then he promised his soldiers free access to booty and displayed the city s conquest as a HOLY CAUSE This led to a massive army For 40 days his troops bombarded Constantinople s walls with Hungarian and Italian built cannons and other artillery On May 29 1453 Ottoman troops won and took the ancient Roman and Christian capital of Byzantium Mehmed quickly renamed Byzantium ISTANBUL Christians look at the Muslim conquest of Constantinople as more of a fall But it actually had cultural benefits for Western Europe For instance Christian survivors brought classical and Arabic manuscripts to Europe Knowledge of ancient Greek was able to spread Other Ottoman Successes 1458 sacked Athens 1463 took Bosnia 1480 Invaded Italy Mehmed II died and there was a power struggle following this 1492 invaded Hungary 1493 Croatia Istanbul was made the Ottoman capital C The Tools of Empire Building The Ottomans were successful at penetrating the heartland of Christian Byzantium They moved on under SELIM and SULEIMAN to move their expansion toward the Arab world Suleiman led 13 major military campaigns He was a great military leader Was also known as the Lawgiver He wanted justice for his people as well Known in Europe as the Great Turk Ottoman state ruled over 20 to 30 million people under Suleiman The Suleymaniye Mosque was built by Suleiman to crown his achievements The Ottoman Empire stretched across Europe and the Arab world by the time he died D Religious Principles Ottoman power had important military characteristics evidently But it also had rooting in religious principles Sultans combined a warrior philosophy with a steady devotion to ISLAM They saw themselves as the shadow of God or caretakers for the welfare of the Islamic faith Sultan s power combined the sacred and the secular Islamic faith helped to unite this diverse populace E Istanbul and the Topkapi Palace The Suleymaniye Mosque sat opposite the Hagia Sophia Ottoman dynasts welcomed Muslims and non Muslims to the city and Istanbul became a major trading center It was the world s largest city outside of China by the end of the sixteenth century Topkapi Palace reflected the Ottomans view of governance the Sultan s focus on religion and the continuing impact of Ottoman familial traditions Mehmed II laid out this palace The Topkapi Palace was where the