Slide 1OutlineIntroductionPotential ApproachesPutting Network Elements to SleepEntering and Exiting Sleep StatesOpportunistic SleepingTraffic ShapingCoordinationExample 1Example 2optB&BOptimal vs. WoAPractical AlgorithmResultsImpact of Transition TimeRate-AdaptionOptimal StrategyOptimal StrategyOptimal StrategyShortcomings of Optimal StrategyPractical AlgorithmPractical AlgorithmResultsImpact of Transition TimeEnergy SavingsDFS and DVSIdle PowerEnergy Savings From Rate AdaptionEnergy Savings from Rate AdaptionEnergy Savings from SleepingEnergy Savings from SleepingSleep vs. Rate Adaption – with DVSSleep vs. Rate Adaption – with only DFSReducing Network Energy Consumption via Sleeping and Rate-AdaptionSergiu Nedevschi, Lucian Popa, Gianluca Iannaccone, Sylvia Ratnasamy, David WetherallPresented by Pat McCloryOutline•Introduction•Potential Approaches•Putting Network Elements to Sleep•Rate Adaption•Energy SavingsIntroduction•There is opportunity for substantial reductions in the energy consumption of existing networks.•Networks are provisioned for worst-case load, which typically exceeds their long term utilization.–Backbone utilizations under 30%•Energy consumption of network equipment remains substantial even when the network is idle.Potential Approaches•Two main potential approaches to reducing energy consumption in networks:–Putting components to sleep (analogous to sleep states in processors)–Link rate adaption (analogous to speed scaling)Putting Network Elements to Sleep•Model:–p_s – power draw in sleep mode (small fraction of p_i).–d – time it takes to transition in and out of sleep states.Entering and Exiting Sleep States•Network equipment must support a mechanism for invoking and exiting sleep states.•Two main approaches:–Time-driven sleeping–Wake-on-arrivalOpportunistic Sleeping•Link interfaces sleep when idle, i.e. a router is awakened by an incoming packet, forwards it, and returns to sleep if no subsequent packet arrives for some time.•May require frequent transitions which limit savings.–10Gbps link, 5% utilization, 1KB packet size – average packet inter-arrival time is only 15 ms •Requires wake-on-arrival technology.Traffic Shaping•Approach for creating greater opportunities for sleep.•Shape traffic into small bursts at the edge of the network, edge devices transmit packets in bunches and routers within the network wake up to process a burst, and then return to sleep.•To prevent injecting excessive delay/loss into the network the bursts are bounded.–Buffer interval B – ingress router buffers incoming traffic for up to B ms and then forwards it as a burst.Coordination•The best possible savings would occur if a router received the incoming bursts from all ingress routers close in time such that it process all incoming bursts and returns to sleep thus incurring exactly one sleep/wake transition per B ms.Example 1R0 R1R2R3 R48 35 7S0 = 2 S1 = 1Example 2R0 R1R2 R3115 202optB&B•S_i,j – start-of-burst time for traffic from each ingress I to egress J.•Exhaustively search all S_i,j to find a set of start times that minimizes the number of transitions across all the interfaces in the network.•Not a practical algorithm but it gives an optimistic bound on what might be achievable if nodes can coordinate traffic shaping.Optimal vs. WoAPractical Algorithm•Ingress router sends its bursts destined for various egresses one after the other in a single “train of bursts”.•At routers close to the ingress this appears as a single burst which disperses as it traverses through the network.•Bounds the number of bursts seen by any router R in an interval of B ms by the total number of ingress routers that send traffic through R.ResultsImpact of Transition TimeRate-Adaption•Model:•Link Rates r_1,…,r_n–r_i < r_i+1•d – transition time–Time when packet transition is stalled as the link transitions between successive rates.Optimal Strategy•For a DVS processor the most energy-efficient way to execute C cycles within a given tiem interval T is to run at a clock speed of C/T•For a network link this translates to sending packets at a constant rate equal to the average arrival rate.•Under non-uniform traffic this can result in arbitrary delays. So instead look for an optimal schedule of rates.Optimal Strategy•Given a packet arrival curve AC, look for a service curve that minimizes energy consumption, while respecting a given upper bound d on the per-packet queuing delay.•Shortest Euclidean distance in the arrival space between the arrival time and shifted arrival curves is the optimal set of rates.Optimal StrategyShortcomings of Optimal Strategy•The optimal service curve isn’t feasible for a number of reasons:–It assumes perfect knowledge of the future arrival curve.–It assumes link rates of infinite granularity–It ignores switching overheads.Practical Algorithm•Modeled after optimal strategy, but addresses it’s shortcomings.•r_f – predicted arrival rate–Estimated with an exponentially weighted moving average•Transitioning to a higher rate:–A link operating at rate r_i, with queue size q increases its rate to r_i+1 iff(q/r_i > d OR (d*r_f+q)/(r_i+1) > d – d)Practical Algorithm•Transitioning to a lower rate:–A link operating at rate r_i, with queue size q decreases its rate to r_i-1 iffq=0 AND r_f < r_i-1•To discourage oscillations a minimum time between consecutive switches is enforced – KdResultsImpact of Transition TimeEnergy Savings•Power Model:E = p_a * T_a + p_i * T_ip_a – active power, T_a – time active, p_i – idle power, T_i – time idle•p_a(r) = C + f(r)–C – static power–The portion of power that can be reduced using rate adaptionDFS and DVS•To study the effect of frequency scaling alone set f(r) = O(r)•To study the effect of DVS set f(r) = O(r^3)•In practice there is a minimum rate threshold below which scaling the link offers no further reduction in voltage.–l – maximum scaling factor – limit choice of available operating rates between [r_n/l, rn]Idle Power•p_i(r)=C + b * f(r)•b - represents the relative magnitudes of routine work incurred even in the absence of packets to process.•Consider a wide range of values between [0.1,0.9].Energy Savings From Rate Adaption•S(r_k) p_a(r_k)*T_a(r_k) + p_i(r_k)*T_i(r_k)•The results from the previous section give values for T_a and T_i for different r_k’s.•The