Slide 1IntroductionData Center NetworksOver ProvisioningSlide 5Network TopologiesTypical Data Center NetworkFat-Tree TopologyEnergy ProportionalityElasticTreeExampleOptimizersFormal ModelFormal ModelGreedy Bin-PackingTopology-Aware HeuristicExperimental SetupSlide 18Uniform DemandVariable DemandTraffic in a Realistic Data CenterRealistic Data Center ResultsFault ToleranceSlide 24Latency vs. DemandSafety MarginsComparison of OptimizersElasticTree: Saving Energy in Data Center NetworksBrandon Heller, Srini Seetharaman, Priya Mahadevan, Yiannis Yiakoumis, Puneed Sharma, Sujata Banerjee, Nick McKeownPresented by Patrick McCloryIntroduction•Most efforts to reduce energy consumption in Data Centers is focused on servers and cooling, which account for about 70% of a data center’s total power budget.•This paper focuses on reducing network power consumption, which consumes 10-20% of the total power.–3 billion kWh in 2006Data Center Networks•There’s potential for power savings in data center networks due to two main reasons:–Networks are over provisioned for worst case load–Newer network topologiesOver Provisioning•Data centers are typically provisioned for peak workload, and run well below capacity most of the time.•Rare events may cause traffic to hit the peak capacity, but most of the time traffic can be satisfied by a subset of the network links and switches.Network Topologies•The price difference between commodity and non-commodity switches provides strong incentive to build large scale communication networks from many small commodity switches, rather than fewer larger and more expensive ones.•With an increase in the number of switches and links, there are more opportunities for shutting down network elements.Typical Data Center NetworkFat-Tree TopologyEnergy Proportionality•Today’s network elements are not energy proportional–Fixed overheads such as fans, switch chips, and transceivers waste power at low loads.•Approach: a network of on-off non-proportional elements can act as an energy proportional ensemble.–Turn off the links and switches that we don’t need to keep available only as much capacity as required.ElasticTreeExampleOptimizers•The authors developed three different methods for computing a minimum-power network subset:–Formal Model–Greedy-Bin Packing–Topology-aware HeuristicFormal Model•Extension of the standard multi-commodity flow (MCF) problem with additional constraints which force flows to be assigned to only active links and switches.•Objective function:Formal Model•MCF problem is NP-complete•An instance of the MCF problem can easily be reduced to the Formal Model problem (just set the costs for each link and switch to be 0).•So the Formal Model problem is also NP-complete.•Still scales well for networks with less than 1000 nodes, and supports arbitrary topologies.Greedy Bin-Packing•Evaluates possible flow paths from left to right. The flow is assigned to the first path with sufficient capacity.•Repeat for all flows.•Solutions within a bound of optimal aren’t guaranteed, but in practice high quality subsets result.Topology-Aware Heuristic•Takes advantage of the regularity of the fat tree topology.•An edge switch doesn’t care which aggregation switches are active, but instead how many are active.•The number of switches in a layer is equal to the number of links required to support the traffic of the most active switch above or below (whichever is higher).Experimental Setup•Ran experiments on three different hardware configurations, using different vendors and tree sizes.Uniform DemandVariable DemandTraffic in a Realistic Data Center•Collected traces from a production data center hosting an e-commerce application with 292 servers.•Application didn’t generate much network traffic so scaled traffic up by a factor of 10 to increase utilization.•Need a fat tree with k=12 to support 292 servers, testbed only supported up to k=12, so simulated results using the greedy bin-packing optimizer.–Assumed excess servers and switches were always powered off.Realistic Data Center ResultsFault Tolerance•If only a MST in a Fat Tree topology is powered on, power consumption is minimized, but all fault tolerance has been discarded.•MST+1 configuration – one additional edge switch per pod, and one additional switch in the core.•As the network size increases, the incremental cost of additional fault tolerance becomes an insignificant part of the total network power.Latency vs. DemandSafety Margins•Amount of capacity reserved at every link by the solver.Comparison of
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