BISC 421 1st Edition Lecture 32Outline of Current LectureI. Higher Brain FunctionsCurrent LectureHigher Brain Functions•Methods now will completely change from the ones we’ve been talking about •These are topics that can't be studied in mice •Mostly from stroke studies in humans and lesion studies from other primates •Limited in methodologyPrimary sensory and motorAssociation areas•Occupies much of the brain•Everything in between the motor and sensory area where this information is being processed•The anterior or prefrontal is involved in planning the motor output•Posterior area link information from sensory modalities •Limbic lobe is more hidden•Language is one of the beter understood association processes•Very debilitating if lesions in these language association areas•2 areas: brocas and wernickes•aphasias= problems with speech•These lesions were only on the left side of the brain•Cant get the words out•Putng together words into sentences•This patient can produce what sounds like language but it turns out to be complete gibberish•Language comprehension is problem-‐ he understands question but he can't produce meaningful speech. Syntactically correct words and sentencesBroca – “motor aphasia” Wenicke – “sensory aphasia”•Overall diferences•Show that speech areas can be localized to small regions of the brain•Showed that only the left hemisphere is involved in speech•Yes it can be confirmed in other ways-‐ split brain studies•Corpus collosum is severed•Done as a last resort in treating epilepsyPatient behind screen and put hand through to the other side and picked up the object and were then asked what is in your hand?•The two hands are connected to the opposite side of the brain•If corpus callosum intact then the information is shared by two hemispheres but if severed then only one side will get that information.•Second way we can test: present a stimulus to each half of the visual field while person is fixated on a certain point•The left visual field connects to the right brain and the right visual field connects to the left brain-In a split brain portion the right cortex cant name the object but they can do other things.•Speech is clearly in the left hemispher•There is no diference in gene expression between the two hemispheres•Two main theories of emotion•The physiological response causes the emotional response•We have a sympathetic ganglia that can cause all sorts of changes in the body.•Put a pencil in your mouth forces you to smileReal smile: Duchenne’s smile. involves eye muscles, not easily controlled voluntarilyVoluntary smile – also called pyramidal smile.Which one is the real smile?Issue of fake smile versus real smile•For real: duchennes•Fake: pyramidal smile•Main diference is in the eye muscles – for real smile•Some motor neurons are under voluntary control and some aren’t•Found that if they made a lesion through the brain so that they severed the cortex the animal showed sham rage•Indication that the cerebral cortex wasn't necessary for rage•Now severed the hypothalamus and limbic system from the rest of the brain•Shows no sham rage•Te hypothalamus is
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