ECE 3235 Electronics IIECE 3235 Electronics IITerm Mini-projectDesign of a Precision AC-to-DC Converter Note: This is an individual project, NOT a group project. 1. IntroductionIn this term mini-project, you will be designing a precision AC-to-DC converter using thetype of circuits that we have studied in the course. As the name means, the circuit shouldconvert AC input signal to precise DC output signal.There are of course a few approaches to design of AC-to-DC converter. The approach weare going to use is to cascade an amplifier, an ac-coupling amplifier, a full-wave precisionrectifier and a filter circuit. To help you understand the design approach, take the following steps to finish up yourproject:(1) carefully read the material in the book between page 855 and 864(2) follow the approach discussed in the material to do a paper design first(3) design your circuits in Cadence environment and simulate it to make sure that yourealize the performance specifications (see next section)(4) after it is verified in Cadence, wire-up your circuit in the board, record themeasurements and waveforms, and finally compare with the results you obtainedfrom Cadence simulation2. Input, output and performance specificationsNow, after you have read the material, you should now understand the design exampleshown in the book have specifications as follows:Input signal: 70.7/-70.7mV peak-to-peak sinwave of 60HzOutput voltage: 5V (steady state value)Output voltage error: less than 1% (0.05V)Rise time of output: less than 0.1sThe design example shown in the book meets all the specifications. At this point, youmight argue that there are some other specifications, such as the overall gain (111.1 in thebook example), the signal attenuation at 120Hz (more than 42.5dB in the book example),etc. But you should be aware that all those specifications are actually derived from theabove four specifications (though you do not have to clearly differentiate them). Forexample, the 111.1 gain was derived as follows: because the output should be 5V, we aregoing to amplify the signal at DC to get the output and the input amplitude at DC is45mV (the amplitude of the DC component in the Fouries), so the gain should be5/0.045=111.1. Similarly, the signal attenuation at 120Hz is derived from the outputvoltage error specification. Now, for this project, you will re-design the circuit to realize the following specifications:Input signal: 70.7/-70.7mV peak-to-peak sinwave of 60HzOutput voltage: 5V (steady state value)Output voltage error: less than 0.2% (0.01V)Rise time of output: less than 0.02sOvershoot of output: less than 5% (0.25V)Note that there is one more performance metric compared to the example in the book,which is overshoot. The example in the book does not have overshoot. You may or maynot have overshoot in your design with this set of new performances, but in case youhave, it should not exceed 5%. You do not have to strictly follow the design example in the book. Any new idea in yourdesign is very welcomed.3. GradingThis projects count 15 points (15%) of your final grade. The deadline for this project is4pm, May 4th in lab. You should (1) show the wired circuit in the board, output waveform and measurements to TA(2) a project report to include detailed derivations and justifications of your designchoices and component values, the output waveform and measurements fromCadence simulation and output waveform and measurements from board circuit.Submit this report to Instructor.Project will be graded based on the final performance of your circuit. There will be pointsdeduction for each performance failure.4. Aims of the projectThis project should (1) help you understand better the various circuits we discussed in class, such asconstant-gain amplifier, full-wave rectifier (with comparator functions) and activefilter circuits.(2) expose you to a typical hierarchical design methodology in analog design. Forexample, to design a system, you want to first design at the block/system level,where you can compose the blocks to at least realize the functionality of yoursystem. Then, after this is verified, you will be designing at the circuit level,where you design each of the blocks, such as non-inverting amplifier, precisionrectifier and filter circuit. Then, after each block is designed, you will bedesigning at the transistor-level, where you design the internal circuitry of theactive blocks like OpAmp, Comparator, etc. (In this course, we focus more onsystem/block level and circuit level design). Industry designs also havecustomized simulators for each level of design, and only when an upper level ofdesign is verified correct, will they proceed to the lower level of design. The mainadvantage of this hierarchical design methodology is that it helps break a complexsystem into tractable smaller systems.(3) Expose you to a typical empirical and iterative design process in analog design.For example, in the design example in the book, there are various approximateformulas used. They are not very accurate, but they really provide a goodestimation and starting point for your design. For accurate results, you would haveto run simulation for the circuit. Once you start doing more designs, you will findthat the experience you accumulated really counts.(4) Expose you to a real design case. For electronic design (both analog and digital),learning the functionality of the design is the first step. Understanding the non-idealities of the design is the second step. Finding solutions to overcome the non-idealities is really the hard part.3. A 6-band equalizerAn equalizer is actually a multi-purpose filter, which is heavily used in audio systems sothat the listener can freely adjust the gain for certain frequency components depending onhis/her taste. When designing the equalizer, consider the following 6 bands (human earsare only sensitive to frequency from 10-20000Hz):10-78 78-235 235-625 625-1875 1875-50005000-20000HzFor the project, the required performance specifications are:(1) The required roll-off rate at 3db bandwidth is at least -30db/decade.(2) If you choose this project, you need to generate input signal from real audio outputsand then connect the output to real audio