GEOL 240Lg 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Nature of Seismic Waves What are waves Remember to be able to provide examples of the different kind of ocean waves Also know what tsunamis are and be able to describe their characteristics Reflection and refraction of seismic waves I Be able to define seismic wave Know the driving forces vs the driving forces for ocean waves remember elasticity Know what the Hooke s Law is Know the elastic moduli Young s modulus bulk modulus shear modulus Know the body waves versus surface waves be able to determine the differences amongst them you should be able to define what are ray paths and wave fronts but just know the definitions in depth information on these are not necessary You should definitely know the P Waves and S Waves Know the differences between them controls on velocity patterns of particle Reflection and Refraction of Seismic Waves II What are surface waves such as Rayleigh and Love What is particle motion Know the Snell s Law And also know the reflection and refraction concepts Be familiar with the total internal reflection and the fiber optic cable communication Remember the Nuclear Test Ban treaty how is it verified Note the differences between explosions and the actual earthquakes Using Seismic Waves to Determine the Structure of the Earth s Interior You should be able to define radiometric dating radioactive decay Be familiar with the parent isotopes and daughter products Know the rock deformation experiments at high T and P powers of 10 notation Be able to know recognize and be able to label the Earth s Interior how do we know this ask yourself questions like that More on the differences between oceanic and continental crust and lithosphere concept of isostacy know the implications of isostacy for lithospheric and crustal lithosphere know the concept of the isostacy and the implications of isostacy for lithospheric and crustal thickness What are the lithosphere and aesthenosphere relative to crust and mantle Know the own velocity zone And also remember to be able to give out examples if you are able to do this than you can remember it with much ease Interpreting Seismograms Just what Happened in that Earthquake anyway What are the temperatures and pressures inside the Earth Also know the controls on mechanical behavior of lithosphere and aesthenosphere Be able to define the polymorphic phase transformations and give examples and their importance in controlling plate tectonic motions Know the relative importance of the three main possible driving sources for plate tectonics and the composition of the core Why is the outer core molten How do we know that the mantle is mostly olivine Be able to interpret the seismograms Why are focal mechanisms important What is a seismometer Earthquake Focal Mechanisms Know the radioactive decay parent vs daughter half life examples of various radioactive decay series also review the power of 10 know the differences between seismograms for teleseims and local earthquakes why different wave phases are recorded with different amplitudes on different components such as vertical vs horizontal Why body waves attenuate more rapidly with distance than surface waves how we know the outer core is molten Know focal mechanisms strike slip focal mechanism in 2 D positive 1 st motion up vs negative 1st motion down Know the beach ball aka the focal mechanisms Locating Earthquakes Know more on focal mechanisms the dip slip focal mechanisms how to estimate approximate dip of dipping focal planes Use of focal mechanisms in plate tectonics Give examples from numerous plate boundaries Reread page 116 123 page 339 341 Bolt Measuring Earthquake Magnitude How Big is Big Know the problems with MMI and surface faulting and be able to give examples of both Know the S P travel time curves Need for three stations how to determine both location and depth of earthquake hypocenter be able to give examples and remember the 1995 Mw 6 9 Kobe eq compare with map 1994 Mw 6 7 Northridge Why you should all be counting seconds after you feel that P wave Why Earthquake Damage Occurs Where it Does Source Path and Site Effects Know the Ritcher Magnitude scale how we measure eqs with it the limitations it has Know the surface wave magnitude history and its measuring limitations The moment magnitude scale How displacement and fault area scale with Mw know the ruptures areas of earthquakes of various magnitudes Controls On Earthquake Damage Know more on magnitude scales begin with why damage occurs where it does Source path and site effects detailed discussion of source effects Why some dip slip events have directivity and others don t Know the seismic hazards and public policy for Sacramento San Joaquin River delta levees