University of Toronto e g Meeting scheduling is too costly right now e g Build a system that schedules meetings or e g Build a system that maintains people s calendars or Goals Choose a business process given the problem what is the appropriate business process for solving it Identifying the success criteria Scope the problem given the vision how much do we tackle Stakeholders Identifying the problem owners Identify the problem what is the objective of the project the vision of those who are pushing for it Boundaries Scoping the problem Department of Computer Science Where do we start Lecture 8 Stakeholder Goals University of Toronto Department of Computer Science e g Anyone who wants to schedule a meeting goes to the secretary gives details and the secretary handles the rest or e g Anyone can submit a meeting request participants are informed and a negotiation settles meeting details or Scenarios Using concrete examples to understand the problem Choose among alternatives Given a business process what parts should be automated and how e g Computer takes in scheduling request details outputs a solution or e g Solution arrived at interactively by secretary and computer or 1 Easterbrook 2004 University of Toronto University of Toronto Department of Computer Science Requirements Elicitation Some notion that there is a problem that needs solving Collect enough information to identify the problem opportunity Which problem needs to be solved identify problem Boundaries Where is the problem understand the Context Problem Domain Whose problem is it identify Stakeholders Why does it need solving identify the stakeholders Goals How does the problem manifest itself collect some Scenarios When does it need solving identify Development Constraints What might prevent us solving it identify Feasibility and Risk become an expert in the problem domain Vague problem stated by the customer E g university textbook store W6H W6H Manager wants to computerize the book order forms filled out by instructors E g A large insurance company The The journalist s journalist s technique technique Claims manager wants to cut down the average time it takes to process an insurance claim from 2 months to 2 weeks E g A telecommunications company What What Where Where Who Who CIO wants to integrate the billing system with customer record systems of several affiliates so there is only one billing system E g Large Government Aerospace Agency Why Why When When The president wants to send a manned mission to Mars by the the year 2020 How How Which Which Often you only see symptoms rather than causes E g Ontario patients needing X ray scans have to wait for months The long wait is the symptom not the problem The problem may be Learn how to find your way round a new problem area quickly Use your initial ignorance as an excuse to ask questions Recognise the domain expertise of the people you talk to Easterbrook 2004 Department of Computer Science Identifying the Problem Starting point e g dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs e g a new business opportunity e g a potential saving of cost time resource usage etc 2 Easterbrook 2004 3 Easterbrook 2004 Shortage of X ray machines Shortage of trained staff Shortage of doctors to process the data Inefficient scheduling procedures 4 1 University of Toronto University of Toronto Department of Computer Science Stakeholders Finding stakeholders The Org Chart Stakeholder analysis Identify all the people who must be consulted during information acquisition Example stakeholders responsibility Penny President Users concerned with the features and functionality of the new system Designers want to build a perfect system or reuse existing code Systems analysts Oscar Vice President Ops Sally Sales Manager Percy Production Manager Richard Vice President R D Sarah Chief Scientist Desmond Head of Product Design authority Department of Computer Science want to get the requirements right Training and user support staff want to make sure the new system is usable and manageable Business analysts want to make sure we are doing better than the competition Organization charts show Areas of responsibility flows upwards Technical authors Lines of authority delegated downwards will prepare user manuals and other documentation for the new system The project manager A useful tool for figuring out where the stakeholders are wants to complete the project on time within budget with all objectives met The customer Wants to get best value for money invested 5 Easterbrook 2004 University of Toronto University of Toronto Department of Computer Science Finding Stakeholders Levels of authority Top management lower management Use goal refinement to arrive at specific requirements Goal analysis document organize and classify goals refine elaborate and operationalize goals f se inan rv c ic ial es Goal hierarchies show refinements and alternatives Explicit declaration of goals provides sound basis for conflict resolution Disadvantages Captures a static picture what if goals change over time performs day to day operations Easterbrook 2004 Advantages Reasonably intuitive nal ctio fun Operational level de ve pr lop od m uc en t t Lower management supervises day to day operations takes corrective action when necessary Express the why as a set of stakeholder goals Goal evolution ar ke tin g Approach Focus on why systems are constructed ry iso erv sup sets objectives allocates controls resources does planning measures performance ad sup min por t Middle management middle management op era tio na l m top management l tica tac establishes goals does long range planning determines new market product developments decides on mergers acquisitions Department of Computer Science Identifying Stakeholders Goals gic ate str 6 Easterbrook 2004 Can regress forever up or down the goal hierarchy 7 Easterbrook 2004 Source Adapted from Anton 1996 8 2 University of Toronto University of Toronto Department of Computer Science Goal Modeling Hard Goals Crucial planning decision be made Owners of goals Choice of when to ascribe goals to agents Satisfaction goals Information goals Cannot really be fully satisfied E g Accuracy Performance Security Modelling Agenda be defined Tips Associate stakeholders with each goal classified temporally Reach some desired state eventually Maintain Avoid goals Date and location set reveals viewpoints and conflict Use scenarios to explore how goals can be met Meeting be requested Explicit consideration
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