Review Functional Groups Mitosis Meiosis Mendel s Laws Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes Tonicity hypertonic hypotonic isotonic Anabolic vs catabolic Old Exams study guides and end of the chapter reviews Ch 5 and 6 Chapter 11 208 210 Chapter 18 356 366 Chapter 11 Cell Signaling Controlling chromatin structure Regulating transcription initiation Post transcriptional regulation Inrotduction Gene Regulation on off location timing amount Why do genes need to be regulated How are genes regulated Cell Communication and Signaling External signals o Source of signals Local Paracrine Signaling Synaptic signaling Long distance Endocrine Signaling o Types of signals Protein lipid ion carbohydrate o Highly conserved evidence for evolutionary relatedness Basic steps of a signal transduction pathway Reception most in the cell membrane the binding event causes the protein to change or breakoff and becomes a relay model Transduction Response cells change shape or expresses a new set of genes RNA Polymerase II transcribes the Gene Chapter 18 Regulating Gene Expression 1 Chromatin Structure a 8 histone proteins DNA Nucleosome i Histone modifications to tails Fig 18 7 1 Add acetyl groups to loosen 2 Add methyl groups CH3 to condense not shown ii DNA modifications 2 Regulation of transcription initiation a Enhancer i DNA sequence where cell type specific TFs bind b Promoter i DNA sequence where general TFs bind attracting RNA Pol c Termination i DNA sequence where RNA Pol stops d Pre RNA transcript exons introns poly A signal Spefict TFs Activator proteins DNA binding domain enhancer Activation domain mediators General TFs DNA binding domain promoter Activation Domain mediators RNA Pol 3 Post Transcriptional Regulation