Chapter 6 Pages 94 121 Cell Structure and Function Research tools Microscopes appendix D o Light Microscope o Electron Microscope Cell Fractionation Fig 6 5 o Isolation of cellular components Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells Bacteria and Archaea Before nucleus Components DNA Eurkaryotic Cells True Nucleus All have mitochondria Specialized or unique features in Plants Cell Walls with Cellulose Vacuoles Fungi Cell Walls with Chitin Type of carbohydrate Animals Lysosomes Centrioles Flagella The Word Extra like in Extra cellular refers to outside of the actual cell Gap Junctions channels that allows communication between cells Intermediate Filaments they hold the cells together and allow the inside of the cell to interact with the outside Tight Junction Epithelial layers prevents fluid from from moving aross a layer of cells Cytoskeletal Elements Microtubule o Composition Polymers of tubulin o Largest of 3 structures hollow tubes o Ex Centrioles Cilia and Flagella Intermediate Filament o Composition composed of Keratins o Filaments of coiled fibers o Ex Nuclear lamina Micro filament o Composition Polymers of actin o Smallest of 3 solid rods o Ex Muscle fibers Cleavage furrows Mitochondria Two Membrains Outer Inner Site of cellular respiration ATP production Have Separate Genetic Material and Ribosomes EndoSymbiosis Theory Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were once prokaryotes that begain living in larger cells Evidence o Single Circular DNA o Double Membrane o Ribosomes o Reproduce by fission Mitochondria and DNA also have DNA material Nucleus Stores genetic information on chromosomes made of chromatin Produces ribosomes in Nucleolus Ribosomes Free in cytosol Endomembrane System Regulates protein and lipid processing Performs metabolic functions Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ER o Synthesize lipids detoxification o Break down carbohydrates Rough ER o Synthesize and modify proteins o Constructs cell membrane Golgi apparatus o Modifies proteins o Produces polysaccharides Lysosomes o Breaks down large molecules in an acidic environment Peroxysomse o Enzymes produce hydrogen perozide o Break down fatty acids o Detoxify by transferring hyrgens from poisons to oxygen Cytosol Fluid substance around organelles Cytoplasm region between nucleus PLANT CELL Cell Wall o Cellulos Central Vacuole o Stores various compounds o Important for growth Chloroplast o Site of photosynthesis o Contains own ribosomes and DNA Movement across membranes 1 Siple diffusion Passive Transport a Direct movemtn across membrane b Down concentration gradient c Usually small hydrophobic CO2 O2 hydrocarbons 2 Facilitated Diffusion Passive Transport a Transport proteins required down concentration gradient used for hydrophilic molecules polar ions etc b Exampels Channel protein carrier protein 3 Active Transport a Transport proteins required b Against concentration gradient requires ATP c Used for any molecule against is concentration gradient 4 Bulk Transport a Packaging vesicles required b Requires ATP c Used for large molecules proteins polysaccharides d Examples i Exocytosis expelling molecules ii Endocytosis Uptake of molecules