Bio 1152013Chapter 1 – Pgs. 1-5, 12-25, skim restChapter 2 – Pgs. 31-43Scientific Inquiry- Science – to know natureo Observationso Make hypothesiso Record data…- Types of biological inquiry:o Discovery science Old schoolo Hypothesis-Based Science New AgeDiscovery-based/ Inductive---------------Specific Observation 1 2 3 Generalization/ Explanation ---------------Hypothesis based/(Deductive)- Hypothesis –“a tentative answer to a well-framed question”o Testableo Falsifiableo Verifiable- Scientific Theory- Broad scope, supported by accumulated evidence from many hypotheses, leads to new hypotheses, can be modified or rejectedo Supported: Cell Theory (evidence accumulating since 1665) Atomic Theory (evidence accum. Since 1789( Evolutionary Theory (since 1859) Chromosomal Theory (since 1879)o Rejected: 5 Kingdom Theory of Biodiversity (with evidence collected from 1970s-1990s)Atoms  Molecules  Organelles  Cells Chapter 2Chemical Context of Life:The FoundationElement (Table 2-1)The most basicCannot be broken down any further by chemical meansHydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon are the four essential elements to life.Molecule (Fig. 2-12)Composed of more than one atom Any two or more atoms bonded togetherCompoundComposed of two or more different elements bonded together Atom Smalles unit having physical and chemical properties of an elementSubatomic ParticlesCharge Mass LocationProton + 1 amu (atomic mass unit/Dalton)NucleusNeutron No charge 1 amu (atomic mass unit/ Dalton)NucleusElectron - 0 Cloud/ around the nucleusPhysical Properties of AtomsAtomic Number# of protonsMass Number/Atomic Mass# protons plus # of neutrons in elementsIsotopesAtoms with more neutronsElectron ShellsDifferent amount in each shellValence ShellOutermost shell (key for bonding)Chemical BondsCovalent – Shared ElectronsNon-Polar CovalentEqual sharingPolar CovalentUnequal sharingElectronegativityProperty of an atom to have a greater attraction to electrons in a bond.Ionic BondsElectrons are transferred from one atom to another due to electronegativity (when ions are created due to charges occurring)Van der Waals forces/ interactionsWeak intermolecular forces that involve attractions between + and – poles.Hydrogen BondsA weak chemical bond between a H atom and an electronegative atom ( such as O, N, S or P)Chemical ReactionsMaking and/or breaking chemical bonds leading to production of NEW compounds C6H12O6 +6O2  6 H2O + 6 CO2 (Cellular