Bio 1152013 Chapter 1 Pgs 1 5 12 25 skim rest Chapter 2 Pgs 31 43 Scientific Inquiry Science to know nature o Observations o Make hypothesis o Record data Types of biological inquiry o Discovery science Old school o Hypothesis Based Science New Age Discovery based Inductive Specific Observation 1 2 3 Generalization Explanation Hypothesis based Deductive Hypothesis a tentative answer to a well framed question o Testable o Falsifiable o Verifiable Scientific Theory Broad scope supported by accumulated evidence from many hypotheses leads to new hypotheses can be modified or rejected o Supported Cell Theory evidence accumulating since 1665 Atomic Theory evidence accum Since 1789 Evolutionary Theory since 1859 Chromosomal Theory since 1879 o Rejected 5 Kingdom Theory of Biodiversity with evidence collected from 1970s 1990s Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Chapter 2 Element Table 2 1 The most basic Chemical Context of Life The Foundation Cannot be broken down any further by chemical means Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon are the four essential elements to life Molecule Fig 2 12 Composed of more than one atom Any two or more atoms bonded together Compound Composed of two or more different elements bonded together Atom Smalles unit having physical and chemical properties of an element Subatomic Particles Charge Mass Location Proton 1 amu atomic Nucleus mass unit Dalton Neutron No charge 1 amu atomic Nucleus mass unit Dalton Electron 0 Cloud around the nucleus Physical Properties of Atoms Atomic Number of protons Mass Number Atomic Mass protons plus of neutrons in elements Isotopes Atoms with more neutrons Electron Shells Different amount in each shell Valence Shell Outermost shell key for bonding Chemical Bonds Covalent Shared Electrons Non Polar Covalent Equal sharing Polar Covalent Unequal sharing Electronegativity Property of an atom to have a greater attraction to electrons in a bond Ionic Bonds Electrons are transferred from one atom to another due to electronegativity when ions are created due to charges occurring Van der Waals forces interactions Weak intermolecular forces that involve attractions between and poles Hydrogen Bonds A weak chemical bond between a H atom and an electronegative atom such as O N S or P Chemical Reactions Making and or breaking chemical bonds leading to production of NEW compounds C6H12O6 6O2 6 H2O 6 CO2 Cellular Respiration Glucose