BIOL 1344 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Cardiovascular System: Blood (contd.)a. Blood clottingb. 13 Clotting Factorsc. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathwaysd. Blood typese. DisordersII. Cardiovascular System: Hearta.In mediastinumCurrent OutlineIII.Cardiovascular System: Heart (cont.)a.Circulation (Greater and Lesser)b.Pericardiumc.Layers of heartd.Blood flow in the hearte.Coronary circulationCurrent Lecture1. Circulationa. Greater circulation- Part of systemic circuit that begins from left ventricle. This circulation goes to the entire body except the lungs. The circulation time is 1 minute and greater circulation pumps more blood volume with more force. Blood pressure= 120/80 mmHg.b. Lesser circulation- Part of pulmonary circuit that begins from the right ventricle. This circulation goes from heart to the lungs and vice versa. The circulation time is 12 seconds and it pumps blood with less force. This circulation pumps blood 5 times per minute renewal. Blood pressure= 25/8 mmHg c. At high altitude: pulmonary hypertension: H2O gets out of capillaries in lungs which cause pulmonary edema.d. Blue Babies: When baby cries, it turns blue. It has a hole (Patent foramen ovale) in the heart. The baby turns blue when deoxygenated blood goes all over the body through patent foramen ovale.2. Pericardium: Fibrous, collagenous, tough, and leathery These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Serous pericardium: delicatei. Parietal pericardium: in pericardial cavity filled with pericardial fluidii. Visceral pericardiumb. When the pericardial fluid is less, these membranes rub against each other causing irritation. c. When there is more pericardial fluid, the heart will not be able to expand; it will fill itself with blood.d. Pericarditis- inflammation of membranes; painful; problem with filling and emptying the heart.3. Layers of heart: a. Epicardium- Visceral (serous) pericardiumb. Myocardium- cardiac muscles i. Contractile cells: 99% Contract and generate forceii. Non-contractile cells: 1% Pacemaker cellsc. Endocardium- endothelium4. Blood flow in the heart:a. Right atrium: carries deoxygenated blood and goes through the tricuspid valves.b. Right ventricle: deoxygenated blood then flows to the:i. Pulmonary semilunar valves (3 flaps: aortic or pulmonary insufficiency- blood flowing back into the ventricles when the valves do not close.)ii. Pulmonary trackiii. Lungsc. Left Atrium: when the blood reached the lungs, it changes from deoxygenated to oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart in the left atrium.i. The oxygenated blood flows to the bicuspid valve or mitral valve1. Bicuspid valve has more pressure than pulmonary semilunar valves.2. Bicuspid valve likely to go bad than right valves.d. Left Ventricle: this blood then flows to the left ventricle i. Then it finally flows towards the aortic semilunar valves, which leads to the aorta and out of the heart to the head, body, and arms (carotids subclavians)e. Incompetent valves: not closing which means back flowing of blood; Regurgitation f. Valvular Stenosis: opening of the valve is TOO narrow and the blood is not able toget out; not enough blood is being pumped out. This can cause heart enlargement.g. Around each valve, there is a fibrous ring that is made of collagen. It is non-conducting and had no electrical flow. The atria are electrically isolated from ventricles.h. The heart expands or contracts from the apex and then to the base.5. Coronary Circulation: 1/20th of cardiac output which is 5 liters per minutea. Coronary arteries are out from the base of the aorta.i. Left coronary artery: 1. Circumflex2. Located in sulcus3. Left interventicular artery, which is most of left ventricle.ii. Right coronary artery: 1. Marginal2. Right interventricular arteryb. Coronary sinuses: posterior sidei. Located in the right atrium6. Blood flows in diastole (relaxation)7. Ischemia is the decrease in the blood flowa. This can cause scar/fibrous tissue or myocardial inforactionb. Fibrous or collagen is not elastic, so the heart will lose its elasticity.c. Myocardial inforaction can lead to heart attack8. Arteriosclerosis- hardening of the arteries due to the calcium deposits9. Atherosclerosis- hardening and narrowing of the arteries. In order to expand it, one of the methods is Aneurysm, which is a balloon like bulge in the artery so that the blood can pass through more quickly.10. Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) and Transient Ischemic Attack (TIAs) are warning signs for blood clots.11. When a person is in a heart attack, he/she is conscious whereas when a person has a stroke, he/she is unconscious.12. Stent: a tube that is used to treat narrow or weak arteries. a. Re-stenosis- cells grows over the stent13. Angina Pectoris: blockage in coronaries14. Embolus: any free floating