BIOL 1344 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Cardiovascular System: Blood Outline of Current Lecture II. Cardiovascular System: Blood (contd.)a. Blood clottingb. 13 Clotting Factorsc. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathwaysd. Blood typese. DisordersIII. Cardiovascular System: Hearta.In mediastinumCurrent Lecture1.Blood Clotting:a.The process time period is between five to seven minutes.b.Hemophilia: a disorder in which the blood do not clot normally.c.There are 3 stages for blood clotting: i.The first stage is initiated when inactive Prothrombinase is converted intoactive Prothrombinase through the hormone called Thromobokinase. ii.The second stage begins when the active Prothrombinase from the first stage is used to convert inactive Prothrombin into active Thrombin.iii. The third stage begins when active thrombin from second stage and Ca2+ is used to convert Fibrinogen to Fibrin.1.Fibrinogen is a globular and soluble substance and it is converted into Fibrin that is fibrous, insoluble, and soft clot. 2. However, the soft clot is changed into hard clot by Factor XIII crosslinking. In the beginning, the clot is big but it shrinks throughan agent called Thrombosthenin (clot retraction). Plasminogen is converted into Plasmin or Fibrinalysin. Plasmin or Fibrinalysin then later dissolves this hard clot over time (several days or weeks).2.There are 13 clotting factors:a.Fibrinogenb.Tissue Factor or Thromboplastin These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c.Ionic Ca2+d.Prothrombine.Proaccelerin f.Accelering.Proconvertinh.Anti-hemophilic Factor A: classical hemophiliai.Anti- hemophilic Factor Bj.Stuart- Prower Factork.Anti- hemophilic Factor C or Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent l.Hageman Factorm.Fibrin-Stabilizing Factor (Laki Lorand Factor)3.Intrinsic Pathway: has no external injury and has intravascular clotting4.Extrinsic Pathway: Tissue Injury Tissue Factor (thromboplastin)a.Procoagulants: promotes clotting of blood.i.Heat, rough surface ii.Has Vitamin K, ionic Ca2+b.Anticoagulants: inhibits blood clottingi.Cold, smooth surfaceii.Has Vitamin K deficiency and lacks Ca2+iii.Contains Heparin (basophils and Mast cells): prevents clots in blood vesselsiv.EGTA, EDTA, Oxalates, Citrates of Na- some common anticoagulants5.Blood Typesa.Universal donor: Ob.Universal recipient: ABc.In order to test your blood type, two blood drops are put on both sides of the lab slide. Anti-serum A (contains antibody a) is dropped into one of the blood drops and Anti-serum B (contains antibody b) is dropped on the other. i.The blood type is A if antigen “A” and anti-serum A is clumped togetherii.The blood type is B if antigen “B” and anti-serum B is clumped togetherBlood Type Antigen AntibodyA A bB B aAB A, B -O - a, bRh+ D6.When the mother’s blood type is “Rh-ve” and the baby’s is “Rh+ve”, the baby will produce antigen D and gives it to the mother. The mother’s body reacts to it and begins to make antibodies against antigen D. However, the pregnancy will be normal because there is more antigen D than its antibodies. a.But the second pregnancy will be different. Since the mother has already made enough antibodies against antigen D, the second baby will die. This condition is called Erythroblastosis. b.This condition can be fixed by giving the mother an injection of RhoGAM when she is 27-28 weeks pregnant. c.RhoGAM destroys antigens so that there is no way antibodies are produced. Cardiovascular System: Heart7.Hearta.In mediastinumi.It is between the second and fifth intercostal spaceii.Weighs about 250-350 gramsiii.2/3rd of the heart is shifted towards the left sideiv.Base on topv.Apex at the lower end- points to the left1.Blood filling from top2.Emptying from topvi.Mean electrical axis: angle at which heart is pointingvii.Dextrocardia: 2/3rd of the heart is shifted towards the right side; VERY RAREb.Double circulation:i.Systemic Circuit:1. Oxygenated blood is distributed to body tissues.2.5 liters of blood flows all over the body in 1 minute.ii.Pulmonary Circuit:1. Blood takes up oxygen in the lungs2. 5 liters of blood in 12