BIOL 1344 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Cardiovascular System: Blood Outline of Current Lecture II. Cardiovascular System: Blood (contd.)III. Erythrocytesa. Characteristicsb.Inside RBCsi.Hemoglobinc.RBCs breakdownIV. WBCs a. Granulocytesb. AgranulocytesV. ThrombocytesVI. Formation of Blood Cell Typesa. Hemocytoblastb. AnemiaCurrent LectureA. Erythrocytes (RBCs or Red Blood Cells)a. Characteristicsi. Elliptical or Dumb-bell shaped cellsii. Anucleated cellsiii. No mitochondria: No Krebs’s cycleiv. There are few ribosomesv. Erythrocytes are Glycolytic cells1. Only makes 2-3 ATPsvi. Life span: 120 daysvii. Senile RBCs are destroyed in the spleen1. Macrophages destroy RBCs: Erythroclasiaviii. Polycythemia: too many RBCsix. Anemia: Fewer RBCsx. Spectrin and Ankyrin are defective proteins that affect the cell shape.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. They are spherocytes: osmotic fragile2. Osmotic Fragility: too much water inside the cell can lead to swelling and it bursts (hemolysis).b. Inside RBCs:i. Hemoglobin: 34% of cell volume1. 13-18g/100 ml blood in males2. 12-16g/ 100 ml blood in females3. 14-20g/ 100 ml blood in infants4. 12-16g/ 100 ml blood= 250 mL oxygen per minute FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE TEST5. 100% saturation of Hemoglobin with Oxygena. The oxygen carrying capacity of blood is 20 mL/100 mL b. Heart has to pump 5 Liters of blood every minute to carry the 20 mL/100 mLc. The heart beats 70-72 times per minute.ii. Different structures of hemoglobin1. Tetrameric hemoglobin: 4 unit in RBCs2. Monomeric hemoglobin: Myoglobin in muscles3. Globin+Porphyrin+Feiii. Types of hemoglobin:1. Hemoglobin A (HbA): in adults. 98% in the bodya. 2 α chainsb. 2 β chains2. Hemoglobin F (HbF): in fetal. 2% in the bodya. 2 α chainsb. 2 γ chains3. Hemoglobin S (HbS): sickle cella. Happens because of the mutation in the beta chainb. It has 146 amino acids but Position # 6 has Valine (point mutation) in place of Glutamic Acid.c. If there is Valine, the hemoglobin becomes insoluble and crystallizes the cell causing it to become “sickle” shaped.d. Because of this abnormality, the cell gets stuck in the capillaries and causes break and pain, which causes sickle cell anemiae. Sickle cell anemia can be fixed by stimulating HbF and inhibiting HbA f. Another way to be fixed is through blood transfusion.c. Hemolysis- when a cell breaks d. RBCs breakdown: i. Globin:1. Broken down into amino acidsii. Poryphrin:1. Converted to Biliverdin (Green) + Fe2. Biliverdin (Green) + Fe changes to Bilirubin (Yellow)3. Bilirubin (Yellow) is excreted with bile and it also goes to the kidneys and intestines.4. From the kidneys, the bilirubin is converted to urobilinogen, whichis then excreted with urine.5. From the intestines, it is converted sterocobilin, which then goes out as feces.iii. Jaundice: too much bilirubiniv. Blue light: when a newborn baby with jaundice is exposed to blue light, the half life the bilirubin becomes shorten causing it to get out of the system faster.B. WBCs (White Blood Cells):a. Also known as polymorphonuclear cellsb. They are divided into two: (*Be able to identify different types of WBCs)i. Granulocytes1. Neutrophils- fine bluish granules; 2 to 7 lobed nucleus. They eat pathogens in the process called phagocytosis while dying in the process. They are 40- 70% of WBCs.a. Neutrophilia: high count of neutrophilsb. Neutropenia: low count of neutrophils2. Basophils- large, bluish granules; indented nucleus. They produce Heparin: prevents intravascular clotting (anticoagulant). They are 0- 1% of WBCs.3. Eosinophils- contain large, red granules; bi lobed nucleus. Helps fight parasitic infections (Eosinophilia) such as allergies and tuberculosis. They are 1- 4% of WBCs. Eosinophils count goes up when a person have diseases like tuberculosis.ii. Agranulocytes1. Monocytes- no cytoplasmic granules; large indented nucleus. Theyare 2-8% of WBCs. Enter tissues and become macrophages.a. Macrophages: phagocytosis: they eat bacteria but do not die in the process.2. Lymphocytes- no granules, large nucleus and less cytoplasmic. They are 20- 40 % of WBCs.a. T-lymphocytesb. B-lymphocytes- antibodiesc. WBCs make 1% of cellsd. Leucopoeisis: formation of WBCse. WBCs= 4.5 to 11 thousands/ mm^3C. Thrombocytes: blood platelets, no nucleus. They are fragments of cells. Platelets= 150,000- 400000/ mm^3i. Thrombopoeisis- formation of thrombocytes1. Needs hormone, Thrombopoietin for formation.ii. Thromobocytopenia pupura: low count; when count is low, blood does not clot.iii. PDGF (Platelet- derived growth factor)- helps with tissue repair.iv. Thromboxane A2: promotes clotting by platelet aggregationv. Prostacyclin: inhibits clottingvi. Aspirin: blocks thromboxane A2 ; lesser risk of developing clots D. Formation of Blood Cell Types:a. Hemocytoblast: stem cell considered to be capable of developing into any type ofblood cell. They are divided into two, Myeloblast and Lymphoblast.i. Myeloblast stem cell- they are divided into four1. Erythrocytes:a. Proerythroblastb. Early and late Erythroblastc. Normoblastd. Reticulocyte: no nucleuse. Erythrocyte: no nucleus2. Thrombocytes:a. Megakaryoblastb. Promegakaryocytec. Megakaryocyte- fragmentation= Platelets3. Monocytes:a. Monocytoblastb. Promonocytec. Monocyte4. Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils):a. Myeloblastsb. Promyelocytes c. Basophilic myelocyte- Basophild. Eosinophil myelocyte- Eosinophile. Neutrophic myelocyte- Neutrophilii. Lymphoblast stem cell- divided into two1. B- lymphocyte- mature in bone marrow2. T- lymphocyte- mature in Thymusiii. Anemia: # of RBCs: 1. Hemorrhage2. Hemolytic- blood transfusion3. Aplastic- no RBC formation (caused by As, radiation)4. Hemoglobin content: Nutritional- Fe deficiency can lead to microcytes.a. Microcytic: lack of B12, Folic acidb. Pernicious: intrinsic Factor; in stomach (B12) absorption5. Abnormal Hb: Sickle cell Anemia: Abnormal β- chainsa. Thalassemia major and Thalassemia minor have less chainsb. Abnormal conditions are seen in Mediterranean and