BIO3400 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Assumptions of the Scientific Process II Science Terminology III Doubt and Uncertainty in Science IV The Scientific Process Peptic Ulcers V What is Evolution VI History of Evolutionary Thought VII Charles Darwin Outline of Current Lecture I 5 Elements of the Theory of Evolution II Phylogenetic Trees III Evidence for Evolution IV Vestigial Organs V Biogeography VI Transitional Forms Current Lecture 5 Elements of the Theory of Evolution 1 2 3 4 5 Evolution has occurred and still occurs Evolution is usually gradual substantial change takes 100s to millions of years Speciation occurs one species splits into two or more species All species share a common ancestry The majority of evolutionary change was caused by natural selection which is the sole process producing adaptation Phylogenetic Trees are Hypotheses of Relationships Rodents and rabbits evolved from a common ancestor Rodents and rabbits are more closely related to each other than to primates Evidence for Evolution Many different lines of evidence converge to support the theory of evolution Hundreds of example These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Prediction we will observe genetic changes in populations over time especially in response to environmental change o the soapberry bug studied by Sean Carroll et al native to Florida before 1925 lived exclusively on the round capsuled balloon vine After 1926 flat podded golden rain tree planted as an ornamental in central Florida Soapberry beaks in central Florida are much shorter on average This difference remains no matter what fruit the bugs are raised on The change in beak length is documented over time Vestigial Organs Retrodiction living species will harbor rudimentary versions of structures previously functional in their ancestors Vestigial organ useless or rudimentary version of a body part that has an important function in another closely allied species Kiwis have vestigial wings Whales Embryos humans have inactivated forms of the genes to make yolk protein Olfactory receptor genes o Pseudogenes defunct relatives of known genes that have lost their proteincoding ability Arise due to mutations that cause stop codons or interruption in the regulatory machinery in front of a gene Biogeography Prediction organisms evolving in the same geographic areas will resemble one another due to common ancestry Law of succession recent fossils and living organisms in the same geographic region are similar to each other and distinct from those in other areas o Continental islands vs oceanic islands Oceanic islands typically have no endemic mammals amphibians reptiles or freshwater fish They do have many endemic birds insects and plants Introduced mammals amphibians reptiles and fish do very well often become invasive The endemic species resemble the species on the nearest mainland despite very different habitats in some cases Transitional Forms Prediction the fossil record will capture evidence of transformations in progress transitional species showing a mix of features o Tiktaalik roseae had features of both fish and amphibians o Fish like scales fins gills and lungs o Amphibian like neck flat head eyes on top of head ribs elbow
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