PSY 2401 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Prof. Spencer IntroductionII. TA IntroductionsIII. Syllabus ReviewIV. Global thoughts about ScienceV. Civic Science/Developmental ScienceOutline of Current Lecture I. What is Science?II. Scientific MethodIII. Scientific Integrity- How can we take a scientific approach to the study of development? How can developmental science explain HOW children develop?Current LectureI. What is Science?a. Are Physics, Astrology, Computer Science, and Developmental Science consideredreal science?i. Can the study of anything be science?b. What makes science special?i. Observable measures that must be…1. Reliable (everyone gets the same answer each time… i.e. a ruler)a. Getting the same results no matter who’s doing the measuring2. Valid (measures what you think it measures… i.e. a thermometer)a. The correspondence that what a certain measuring tool measures is what we assume/think it measuresii. Falsifiable theories/hypotheses1. There’s some chance that it can be proven wrongiii. Rigorous testing of predictionsc. Will the “real” science please stand up?i. Astrology- predicts personality/behaviors/future based on when you wereborn1. Observable measures?- Yesa. Reliable?- different readingsb. Valid?- DependsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Falsifiablea. Explain all mistakes3. Predictionsa. Made but not testedii. Developmental Psychology- predicts how behaviors will change over days,months, years….1. Observable measures?- Yesa. Reliable?- sometimes (i.e. obs. coding)b. Valid?- sometimes (i.e. heart rate)i. Ex: do infants experience fear? Can you measure their fear via their heart rate?ii. Results- heart rate can be a good indicator of fear in infants but you have to take into consideration certain situations (hunger, sleepiness, mood/state, etc.). If you do all those things properly than yes heart rate is a good measure but if not then heart rate is not a good measure of fear.2. Falsifiablea. Sometimes3. Predictionsa. Made and TestedII. The Scientific Methoda. Theories (general)  Hypothesis (specific)  Experiments1. Choose a question to answer2. Formulate a hypothesis that relates to question3. Develop methods to test hypothesis4. Draw a conclusion based on results5. (rinse and repeat)b. The Goal of Scientific Methodi. To figure out how things work by figuring out how things do NOT work…1. “Cargo Cult Science”…. Mr. Young’s experiments with rats in mazesii. He thinks psychologists are like the tribes man; we observe the real scientists and try and replicate the material aspects for resultsiii. Made hypotheses about the cues the rat usediv. Eliminated all hypotheses but one v. So he figured out what cue the rat was using (vibrations/sound) by figure out what cues the rat was NOT using (smell, visible landmarks, etc.)III. Scientific Integritya. Feynman says scientists should “bend over backwards to show how you’re maybe wrong”i. Developmental psychologists studying children have to think critically about why children behave the way they doii. We have to “bend over backwards” to figure out how development works; we must be careful not to try to “read children’s