What does AIDS stand for? _____________________________________________________BIO 160: Introduction to Human Anatomy and PhysiologyBiology 160Pima Community College, Downtown CampusLAB SIGN OFF PAGE – Lesson 11: CHAPTER 12Name ___________________________Please staple all of your lab pages for this Chapter together with this page as the top. You will use this page to get your Labs for the Chapter signed off by the Biology Learning Center staff. You need to have all of the following steps initialed by a staff member before you can be allowed to take the Chapter Exam.After you have obtained all of your sign offs for this Chapter, be sure that a BLC staff member indicates on yourLab Card that you are OK to take the Chapter Exam. Also, keep this sign off page, along with your completed lab worksheets, as proof of your lab completion. If your Lab Card indicates that you have not completed the required Labs for this Chapter, and you feel that you have, it is up to you to provide proof that you have indeed done the Labs. Keep this page!___________ Torso model___________ H1N1 Simulation Last Updated: 11/7/14BIO 160: Introduction to Human Anatomy and PhysiologyChapter 12: the Lymphatic System and Body DefensesThe lymphatic system is comprised of two semi-independent parts: One part of the lymphatic system is the network of ____________________________ vessels. The other part of the lymphatic system is comprised of the ________________________ tissues andorgans scattered throughout the body. Lymphatic VesselsThe lymphatic vessels transport fluids in the tissues back to the ______________________________. The lymphatic tissue and organs play a key role in body defense and resistance to disease. Lymph is the plasma-like fluid in lymphatic vessels. In the capillary networks, fluids leave the capillary at the arteriole end and most is reabsorbed back at the veunule end. The lymphatic capillaries pick up excess fluid, and through a series of lymphatic vessels, return it to blood. Lymphatic capillaries are found in most tissues of the body.Lymphatic capillaries are similar in structure to ____________capillaries but they are more permeable. Lymphatic capillaries have _______________ which ensure one-way movement through these low pressure vessels.Lymphatic collecting vessels resemble small veins in structure. They also contain valves which keeps the lymph moving in one direction through these low pressure vessels.What 3 mechanisms move lymph through lymphatic vessels? 1. _____________________________2. _____________________________________ 3. ________________________________________The thoracic duct is the largest lymph vessel and it drains into the left subclavian vein. The thoracic duct drains the entire body except the upper right quarter. Cysterna chyli is the expanded abdominal portion of the thoracic duct and is where the lymphatic vessels from the digestive tract enter with high-lipid lymph. The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper right quarter of the body. The right lymphatic duct drains into the right __________________________ vein.Lymph NodesLymph Nodes are small bean-shaped structures distributed along the lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes filter the lymph, removing bacteria and antigens. Within lymph nodes, lymphocytes congregate, function and proliferate.Within lymph nodes ______________________ destroy viruses, bacteria and other foreign substances. Superficial aggregations of lymph nodes are found in the inguinal, axillary and cervical regions.The outer part of the lymph node is called the cortex and contains collections of _________________ called follicles. The inner part of the lymph node is called the medulla and contains a large number of macrophages. Other Lymphoid OrgansThe spleen is a lymphatic organ that filters the blood. Lymphocytes and macrophages present in the spleen remove bacteria, antigens and worn out red blood cells.The spleen also acts as a reservoir for ______________________________.Last Updated: 11/7/14BIO 160: Introduction to Human Anatomy and PhysiologyThe thymus is located in the superior anterior thoracic cavity. The thymus produces and programs ____________________, which migrate to other tissues. The thymus is largest at puberty.Tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissue that ring the __________________________________. The job of tonsils is to remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat. Peyer’s patches resemble tonsils and are found in the wall of the _______________________________. The job of Peyer’s patches is to provide macrophages that destroy bacteria in the small intestine.The nonspecific defense system prevents the entry of microorganisms into the body and prevents their spread once inside the body. The skin, mucous membranes, inflammatory response, particular WBCs and proteins are all apart of the nonspecific defense system. The specific defense system is also called the _______________________ system. The specific defense system mounts a very specific attak on foreign invaders. Lymphocytes and __________________________ are the key cells in the specific defense system. The highly specific resistance to disease is called immunity. Innate Body DefensesIn the nonspecific defense system name 4 components of the first line of defense. 1. ____________________________________ 2. ________________________________________3.______________________________________ 4. _______________________________________The second line of defense uses a large number of cells and chemicals to protect itself. Macrophages and _________________________ are the primary cells involved in the second line of defense. Neutrophils are first phagocytic cells to damaged or infected tissue. They die after one phagocytic event. Macrophages appear after the neutrophils, phagocytize more bacteria, debris, and dead neutrophils.Natural killer cells are unique lymphocytes. These cells recognize and destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells.The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that is triggered whenever body tissue are injured. Name the 4 cardinal signs of an acute inflammation. 1. ______________________________2. _____________________________ 3. __________________________ 4. ____________________Injured cells release ________________________ and kinins which cause the dilation of blood vessels in the area which brings more blood to the area. Histamine also causes the blood vessels to become more leaky, letting