1 Chapter 2 The Nature of Culture a What is Culture i Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge beliefs art morals law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society E Tylor b What is Culture II i Encompasses 1 Cultural knowledge 2 Social skills 3 Cultural skills c Culture is Shared i Cultural Models ii Subculture iii Norms d Cultural Models i Shared assumptions that people have about the world and about the ideal culture e Norms i Sets of expectations and attitudes that people have about appropriate behavior f Subculture A group whose members and others think of their way of life as different in some significant way from that of other people in the larger society g Culture is Learned i Socially passed ii Enculturation iii Taboos h Enculturation i Process of learning one s culture through informal observation and formal instruction i Taboos i Norms specifying behaviors that are prohibited in a culture j Culture is Adaptive i Behaviors and beliefs that respond to environmental constraints and opportunities that ensure a community s survival k Culture is Integrated i Practices and beliefs form a relatively coherent and consistent system l Culture is based on Symbols Symbol A word image or object that stands for cultural ideas or sentiments ii Symbols occur in 1 Art 2 Language a pervasive b powerful iii Religion iv Humor m Culture Organizes the Way People Think about the World i Naturalized Concepts ii Culture Wars Counterculture iv Worldviews Naturalized Concepts i Ideas and behaviors so deeply embedded in a culture that they are regarded as universally normal or neutral Culture wars i Internal disagreements in a society about cultural models or about how society or the world should be organized Counter Culture An alternative cultural model within a society that expresses different views about the way that society should be organized World View i A culture based often ethnocentric way that people see the world and other peoples Characteristics of Culture Table 2 1 P 32 Culture Change iii n o p q r s 1 Internal Culture Change 2 Culture History 3 Ethnogenesis 4 Inventions vs Innovation 5 Revolution t Culture Change II i External Culture Change 1 syncretism 2 assimilation 3 acculturation u Internal Culture Change Culture history i Ongoing culture change in which people respond and adapt to their environment v Internal Culture Change Ethnogenesis Ongoing process in which people develop define and direct their own cultural and ethnic identities w Internal Culture Change Inventions vs Innovation Inventions New technologies and systems of knowledge ii Innovation Process by which new technologies and systems of knowledge are based on or built from previous tools knowledge and skills Internal Culture Change Revolution i Process by which people try to change their culture or overturn the social order and replace it with a new ideal society and culture External Culture Change Diffusion i Spread of ideas material objects and cultural practices from one society to another through direct and indirect culture contact External Culture Change Reactive Adaptation i x y z Coping response to loss and depretive of captive conquered or oppressed peoples aa External Culture Change Revitalization Movement i Type of nonviolent reactive adaptation in which people try to resurrect their culture heroes and restore their traditional way of life bb Global Culture i A constellation of technologies practices attitudes values and symbols that spread internationally and enmesh nations and communities throughout the world in networks of power and influence i