Energy & the EnvironmentThe Story of an AddictEnergy & Environmental Politics• Energy consumption is a primary source of pollution• Energy production is a primary source of habitat destruction• Patterns of Energy Consumption & Production• Economic Implications• Stability of supply & price• Industry sensitivities• Regional/geographic sensitivitiesClash of Values• Unfettered economic growth v environmental regulation• Pollution control v. pollution avoidance• Conservation v supply• land use values: economic exploitation v preservation• government v market• liberty v government social regulationConsumption & Production PatternsHow Do We Use Energy?• Residential/Commercial = 35%• Industrial = 37%• Transportation = 28%U.S. Domestic Energy Consumptionby Source0204060801001201950195419581962196619701974197819821986199019941998Quadrillion BTUsSolarBiofuelsGeothermalHydroelectricNuclearCoalNatural gasPetroleumComparative Consumption per Capita (1997)050100150200250300350million Btu/popFranceGermanyJapanSwitzerlandUKUSComparative Consumption per GDP(1997)0246810121000 Btus/$ GDPFranceGermanyJapanSwitzerlandUKUSWhat do we Pay for Energy?What Difference Does it Make?Comparison of Fuel Prices per Gallon ($1999)1.954.09Korea43.652.893.65Japan39.814.775.13UK40.482.903.78Germany1.361.92Mexico36.671.682.04Canada36.331.361.47USIndustrialHeavy OilDieselGasolineSources of Electricity0102030405060% GenerationCoalOilGasNuclearHydroPrice of Electricity(constant $)01234567891019601965197019751980198519901995Cents per KWhImpact of Cheap Energy• wasteful use of energy resources• ignoring conservation & energy efficiency• Increases pollution• blocks entry of alternative, non-fossil fuel• decreases US production (where extraction costs are high)• increase is dependence on foreign suppliersPollution ImpactParticulate Emissionsby Energy Source0100200300400500Electrical Utilities Industrial ResidentialOther Motor Vehicles Off Highway VehiclesSO2Emissionsby Energy Source02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,000Electrical Utilities Industrial ResidentialOther Motor Vehicles Off Highway VehiclesNOxEmissionsby Energy Source01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,000Electrical Utilities Industrial ResidentialOther Motor Vehicles Off Highway VehiclesVOC Emissionsby Energy Source0100020003000400050006000Electrical Utilities Industrial ResidentialOther Motor Vehicles Off Highway VehiclesCO Emissionsby Energy Source0100002000030000400005000060000Electrical Utilities Industrial ResidentialOther Motor Vehicles Off Highway VehiclesCoal• Extraction• Habitat destruction• Spoils• acid leaching• landscape leveling• hydrological disruption • Processing & Use• Air Pollution• Water pollution• Climate ChangeOil & Gas• Extraction• Habitat destruction• drilling structures, pipelines, & access roads• Processing & Use• Air Pollutants• Water Pollution• Climate Change• Oil SpillsNuclear• Extraction• Habitat destruction• Spoils• radioactive• Processing & Use• radioactive waste• radiation• thermal pollutionHydro Power• Extraction• Habitat destruction• Water Pollution• Processing & Use• Habitat/ecological destruction• hydrologic disruption • Landscape changeWind• Extraction• Habitat destruction• Water Pollution• Processing & Use• Habitat/ecological destruction• Wildlife killsAutosUS Vehicles Milesper capita0200040006000800010000120001900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000YearVehicle Miles per CapitaAuto Fuel Efficiency051015202519701975198019851990199520002005Miles per GallonCarsLight TrucksEnvironmental Impact of Cars & Trucks• Air Pollution• 20% Greenhouse Gases• 1 mpg increase in efficiency• Î 6400 pound reduction in GHG • Î $300 increase in car cost for fuel− USPIRG Report• soil & water pollution from fueling stations, lubricants, etc.Environmental Impact of Cars & Trucks• Fossil fuel demand• 10 mpg increase in fuel efficiency Î 7 bb oil reduction over ten years• ANWR = ~ 7-14 bb oil• 10 mpg increase in fuel efficiency Î 380 million ton annual decrease in CO2 emissions• ~ 7 % of US total• Roadways (> 6 million miles)• Use up land• Fragment landscapeEnergy Resource PoliticsU.S. Oil FieldsU.S. Coal MinesU.S. Nuclear Fuel