Topic 1 History of Computer Science Chapter 1 A n n o u n c e m e n t s Assignment 1 Word Processing Quiz 1 History Lab 1 History Lab 2 Simple Computer and Hardware Check the online Calendar for Due Dates Chapter 1 P1 History 2 of 30 1 C o m p u t e r s C a l c u l a t i o n T a o s o l s C o m p u t e r s T h e B e g i n n i i n n g Computer Compute r Calculation tools Used to be a job description people were computers well into the 1940 s Came from the need to measure months season Initially Mostly for religious purposes Later on for military and political purposes Now also driven by monetary gain Modern Computers developed from a long history of Computing Tools The first tools were mechanical Not electronic Chapter 1 P1 History 3 of 30 2400 BC Abacus Babylonia present day Iraq 5 lower rings represented fingers 2 upper rings represented hands Originally consisted of Sand Pebbles Laid foundation for positional notation Chapter 1 P1 History 4 of 30 2 M e c h a n i c a l 100 BC Antikythera mechanism Greek Earliest known Mechanical Analog Computer Discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck Off the Greek Island Salt encrusted metal gears and pointers 30 gears very complex arrangement Capable of tracking the relative positions of all then known heavenly bodies considered very accurate First Analog Computer D e v i c e s 6 of 30 t h C e o m 1 p 7 u t t h i n C g e n i t n u r y Many new inventions during this period 1610 Logarithm for Computing John Napier Scottish Simplify multiplication Division Square Cube Roots Napier s Rods or Napier s Bones Rods that could be moved around and placed in specially constructed boards Chapter 1 P1 History 7 of 30 3 T h e R u S l l e i d e 1622 William Oughtred Germany Slide rule based on John Napier s work Could calculate Multiplication Division Square Roots Exponents Used well into the 20th century Replaced by Calculators in the 1970 s http www antiquark com sliderule sim n909es virtual n909es html Chapter 1 P1 History G e a D r e v D i r c i e v s e n 8 of 30 1623 Calculating Clock Germany Wilhelm Schickard First Discrete Automatic Calculator Could Add Subtract up to 6 digit numbers Bell warned of overflow Constructed with wheels 1 revolution in the units wheel incremented the tens wheel Used by Johannes Kepler for astronomical studies Began the Computer Era Used in modern day odometers 1642 Pascaline mechanical adding machine France Built 50 weren t that accurate gears were not accurate Using Gears it each gear revolves 10 times before it increments the next gear Chapter 1 P1 History 10 of 30 4 1671 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Germany The Stepped Reckoner Built upon Pascal s ideas but D e v i c e s G e a r e d Could multiply divide as well By means of adding subtracting Used Stepped Drums 1 digit for each drum Not widely used only 2 prototypes found Liebniz was also the first to advocate use of the binary number system fundamental to the operation of modern computers 1847 George Boole publishes book The Mathematical Analysis of Logic All modern computers use this form of arithmetic 1 9 t h C e n t u r y 12 of 30 1801 Automatic loom controlled by punch cards Joseph Marie Jacquard Frenchman Automatically controlled the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards This was the start of punch cards Chapter 1 P1 History 15 of 30 5 P u n c h e d C a r d s Needles could go through where there were holes 16 of 30 Chapter 1 P1 History The Father of Computing 2 Major Contributions Difference Engine Analytical Machine C h a r l e s B a b b a g e 1822 Version Difference Engine Need for accurate tables 1822 Difference Engine First Mechanical Computer Capable of calculating polynomials Could calculate differences with 30 digit numbers Revised in 1847 Difference Engine 2 2002 Complete machine built London 8 000 parts 2 tons 11 feet long Chapter 1 P1 History 17 of 30 6 Analytical Machine Scrapped the Difference Machine The first computer that could be programmed Could handle conditional jumps Used Jacquard s Punch Card idea to program computers Used as input for a program and data These were Read only memory Employed concepts of the Store memory and Mill CPU terms from Jacquard Powered by 6 steam engines Never completed C h a r l e s B a b b a g e 2 Chapter 1 P1 History P T r h o e g r F a i m r m s e t r 18 of 30 Ada Byron Lovelace daughter of famous poet Lord Byron Friend of Charles Babbage Educated in Math Described programs that would work on Babbage s Analytical Engine Chapter 1 P1 History 20 of 30 7 Holleriths desk Electronic Tabulating Machine H e r m a n H o l l e r i t h Need for accounting in the 1890 census the 1880 took 7 5 years must be complete in 10 years Used punch cards Used a card reader which sensed the holes in the cards Made them read write capable Gear driven mechanism taken from the Pascaline These would count and display on a large wall of dial indicators His company would become IBM Chapter 1 P1 History p u n c h 22 of 30 used in computers through the 70 s 80s c a r d s Chapter 1 P1 History 23 of 30 8 I have always taken the position that there is enough credit for everyone in the invention and development of the electronic computer John Atanasoff C o m p u t e r Iowa State U in 1939 First digital electronic computer Designed to solve linear equations Utilized many new technologies First machine to store data as a charge on a capacitor Which is how computers store information in their main memory today binary system of arithmetic parallel processing regenerative memory A B C separation of memory computing functions A s t a n a s o f f B e r r y Influenced the ENIAC Chapter 1 P1 History 25 of 30 ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator M a u c h l y E k e r t 17 468 vacuum tubes 70 000 resistors 10 000 capacitors 1 500 relays 6 000 manual switches 1800 square feet of floor space weighed 30 tons UNIVAC UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1946 Developed for the Military Based on Astanasoff s Work Calculated Firing Tables Not published until well after the war 1951 Developed …