I. Paleoanthropologya. Study of the skeletal remain and material culture of early humans and their ancestorsII. Evolutionary split between chimps and hominin ancestorsa. Primates (2 classes)1. Anthropoidsi. Humans, apes, and monkeysii. Split intoA. HomininsModern humans and our earlier ancestorsB. PongidsClosest living nonhuman primate relatives2. Prosimiansi. Lemurs, tarsiers, and other so called pre monkeysIII. Miocenea. 24-5 myab. coming down from the treesc. when ancestors became bipedald. made home basesIV. Bipedalisma. Adopted circa 4 myaV. Pliocenea. Most of earliest fossil evidence from emergence of human lineage (and beginnings of Arch. recordb. 5 myac. Gracile australopithecines (southern ape)1. Genus of early hominids2. 2 branchesi. Australopithecus afarensisA. LucyB. Hadar, Ethiopia, Laetoli, Tanzania, Koto Toro, ChadC. 4-3 myaD. 60% completeii. Australopithecus africanusA. South AfricaB. 3-2.5 myaC. Taung ChildVI. Derived v ancestral traitsa. Derived1. More human like traits that changed from an ancestral state to meet some biological evolutionary needsb. Ancestral1. Primitive traits which appear in older species of the same lineage, but are retained to meet some evolutionary needsVII. Foramen magnuma. As bipedalism was adapted it moved from the back of the skull to more centrally locatedb. What attaches spine to the skullVIII. Bipedalism and its main biological or skeletal characteristicsIX. S. tchadensis (Toumai)a. Hominin of Sahel, of Chadb. 7-6 myac. ancestral1. brain cased. derived1. facial structure, tooth layout, anterior foramen magnumX. A. ramidus (Ardi)a. Ethiopiab. 4.5 myac. ancestral1. skull shape2. dentitiond. thought to be close to divergence from African apesXI. A. garhiXII. Pleistocenea. 1.6 myab. marked fluctuating climateXIII. Laetolia. Bipedalism discoveredb. 3.75-3.59 myaXIV. Robust australopithecinesa. South Africa Transvaal regionb. 3-1 myac. contemporary with Oldowan siteXV. H. habilisa. Tanzania, Kenya, and South Africab. 2-1.5 myac. associated with Oldowan(simple tools) artifactsd. “Handy man”XVI. Olduvai gorgea. Formed by an earthquake and exposed lake beds dating to 2 myab. Fiorst finds of stone tools ranging from simple (Oldowan) to more complex (Acheulian)XVII. Oldowana. Simple toolsb. Pebble choppersc. Tradition of this 1st tool complex is called Lower Paleolithicd. 3 tool types1. large tools w/ 1 or more sharp edges (core tool)2. large flake tools (big flakes)3. thin sharp sliversXVIII. Achuleana. 1.6mya- 250,000yab. hand axe tradition1. Bifacec. Africa, Europe, and southwest AsiaXIX. Conchoidal fracturea. The production of smooth convesties when sillceous materials are fracturedXX. Flake attributsa. Pieces of lithic material the exhibit evidence of intentional removal from a parent massXXI. Uniface v. Bifacea. Biface1. Worked on both sides2. Chopper/axe3. Flaked on both sidesb. Uniface1. Tool that has been flaked on one sideXXII. Grandmothering hypothesisa. Believed to allow for a longer female life span and helping to care for young ones and scavenging for foodXXIII. Use and importance of controlled firea. Swartkrans cave, south Africab. 1.5 myac. burned animal bonesXXIV. Development of languagea. 300,000 ya basis for language ability apperaredb. Homo ergaster/erectusc. Way to handle increasingly complex social informationXXV. African exodusa. 1.7-1.0 myaXXVI. Movius linea. Demarcates 2 distinct H. erectus tool traditions1. Choppingi. East Asia2. Acheuliani. Africa, Europe, Western AsiaXXVII. Sites with evidence for huntingXXVIII. Neanderthala. First skull found in Neander Valleyb. France, Belgium, Croatia, Israel, and Iraqc. 150,000-30,000 yad. Mousterian toolse. Believed to feel compassion based on burialsXXIX. Mousterian tool technologya. Increased efficiency with more cutting edgeb. Composite tools1. Artifacts with more than one component, such as a stone spear point and wooden shaftXXX. Neanderthal behaviorXXXI. Disappearance of Neanderthals in Europea. Last common ancestor shared with Neanderthals lived 300,000-200,00 yaXXXII. Biological characteristics of anatomically modern homo sapiensXXXIII. Appearance of modern human behavior in Arch. recordXXXIV. Out of Africa vs. multiregionala. Out of Africa1. Many hominid migrations, starting with H. Erectus2. Human diversification locally adapted “racial” groups is a relatively recent phenomenonb. Multiregional1. Early radiation from Africa by H. erectus ca. 1.9 mya2. Lical adaptation but enough gene flow bwtween local populations to maintain a single worldwide species3. Parallel evolutionary change modern humans emerge across the old world into modern regionally adapted groupsXXXV. MtDNAa. Mitochondrial DNAb. Only inherited from momc. Further you go back the more proteins are different ,used to determine when 2 species shared a common ancestorXXXVI. Klasies caveXXXVII. Blombos cavea. Yielded marine shells, ostrich eggshells piercer suspension, red ochre, and other evidence for possible symbolic behaviorb. First example of artXXXVIII. Qafzeha. Earliest AMH remains outside Africa ca 90,000 B.P.XXXIX. SkhulEarliest AMH remains outside Africa ca 90,000 B.P.XL. 4 main periods of upper Paleolithica. Aurignacianb. Gravettianc. Solutreand. MagdalenianXLI. cro-magnonXLII. tool technology of upper Paleolithic (i.e blades, burins, atlatl)a. blades1. 2 as long as it is wideb. burins1. box cutterc. atlatl1. spear throwerXLIII. cave arta. generally occurs in dark zones implies they had light sourcesb. variety of forms1. paintings2. bas- reliefi. partial sculpture in rock face3. hand paintings4. engravingsXLIV. different cave art sites (chauvet, Tuc, Lascaux)a. chauvet1. franceb. Lascaux, France1. 600 paintings 1500 engravings2. 17,000 BP Magdalenian period3. paints were mineral pigmentsXLV. potable art (ie. Venus figurines)a. more common eat large sitesb. Venus figurines1. Made of Ivory, wood, soft carvable stone, and unbaked clay2. Mostly 25,000 to 23,000 BP during Gravettian3. Relate to fertility, sex, religion, or women’s interpretation of themselvesXLVI. Dolni Vestonice (life at, important features)a. Gravettian site 27-25 myab. Located in a ridge overlooking a large riverc. bones of over 100 mammothsd. 2,300 fired clay figurinese. earliest evidence of kilnsf. exotic artifacts shell from MediterraneanXLVII. Mezricha. Early Magdalenian 15,000 myab. 5 houses mammoth bone structuresc. population 50 peopled. diverse diete. evidence of tradeXLVIII. Colonization of Australiaa. Believed