Start your preparations using the table on pg. 155. You can develop a working knowledge of the taxonomic levels, but memorizing it and the levels (subphyla, etc.) isn’t going to get the job done. Followthe color lines around the table they indicate the “groups” of primates.First start with the entire order. Remind yourself of our discussions of what all primates share (4 categories of evolutionary trends). Then follow the green lines out to the left of the page. Who are they? What do strepsirhines have, do, eat, that make them belong to a different suborder than all the others? Go down this side of the page and realize that there are two major divisions of streps (lemurs and lorises). Now think about the things we have said that make them clearly different from each other enough to be members of two different subfamilies. Go through the entire chart this way. Organize your notes and book information to help you jot down the features that you would use to support all the groupings (lemurs and lorises, tarsiers, NWM, OWM, lesser apes, great apes). This way should allow you to grasp the significance of the features we have mentioned and also actually learn the taxonomy because you understand what it tells you about those species. Chapter 6(Graph of Animal Kingdom- page 113) and primate phylogenic treePrimate Taxonomy:Classification: Common language for scientists • Visual expression of evolutionary and genetic relationshipsMammals: (Late Mesozoic Era, 75 MYA)• Dentition (teeth)- • Are heterodont: different types of teeth. Allows for them to be less specific in their dietary needs• Brain size and composition: larger in relation to body size & more complex than other animals. Allows social structure• Body temperature: endothermic: body temp is regulated internally• Unique to mammalsPrimate Taxonomy:• Order: Primate• Suborder: Strepsirhini and Haplorhini• Infaorder: Lemuriformes, Anthropoidea, and Tarsiiformes• Parvorder: Platyrrhini, and Catarrhini• Superfamily: Lemuroidea, and Lorisoidea Ateloidea (NWM)• Family• Subfamily• Tribe: Panini, and Homnini • Genus: Pongo, Gorilla, Pan, and HomoHomologies: features that are shared b/c they were inherited from a common ancestor (ancestral traits)Analogies: features that are shared b/c they are independent functional adaptations (derived traits)Primates: (early Cenozoic Era, 65 MYA)• Lemurs/Lorises, Tarsiers, monkeys/apes/humans• Old world monkeys• New world monkeys• Great apes and humans• Chimps and humans, gorillas, orangutans• Gibbons and siamangsPhysical characteristics of primates not generally found in other mammals• Erect upper body posture (derived)• Sitting, leaping, standing, bipedalism• Retention of flexible and generalized limb structure for greater range of motion (ancestral)• Clavicle: color bone• Wide range of hip/shoulder morphology• Rotation of forearm • Prehensile hands and some feet and tails (derived)• Can bend hand, feet or tail onto itself• New world: tails with nerve endings, gripping capabilities• Skillfully manipulate objects• 5 digits• Opposable thumbs and some big toes: present in no other order (derived)• Nails, rather than claws• All primates• Some NW monkeys have one claw or more claw-like nails (lorises/lemurs) • High sense of feeling/touch in area under nails• Tactile pads with sensory nerve fibers at the end of digits (derived)• Enhances sense of touch• Diet and teeth- Lack of dietary specialization (ancestral)o Omnivorous- Generalized dentition (ancestoral)o Related to diet- Senses and the braino Diurnal primates rely more on vision Evolutionary change in skull, eyes, brain (derived)o Color vision (derived) OW diurnal NW and nocturnal lack full range of color visiono Depth perception (derived) Stereoscopic vision: ability to perceive objects in 3D- Binocular vision: eyes face front, overlapping lines of visiono Decreased reliance on olfaction Reduction in size of olfactory structures/snout sizeso Expansion/complexity of brain (derived) Placental mammals Regions associated with sensory/motor functions of the hand- Maturation, learning and behavioro Efficient means of fetal nourishmento Longer period of gestation/maturationo Culture Tools used by chimpso Complex social groups Each primate is different Permanent association of an adult male with groupo R-selection and K-selection K: smaller number of offspring, more parental involvement (primates) R: large number of offspring (fish laying thousands of eggs)o Extension of lifespano Greater dependence on learned behavior (derived) Correlated with maturation/gestation Parental investment – more intenseo Tendency to live in social groups/permanent association of adult males (derived)o Tendency toward diurnal activity patterns (derived) Lorises, tasiers, some monkeys and lemurs: nocturnal Other monkeys, apes, humans: diurnalPrimate adaptations due to environmental circumstance Evolutionary factors: these trends are expressed along a continuum and are not equally expressed in every specieso Arboreal living (tree living) Adaptive niche in the trees Most tree-living animals at some point still find food on the ground Primates: food in trees- Leaves, seeds, nuts, insects, smaller mammals- Trend toward omnivory: retention of generalized dentition Reliance on vision, grasping hands, feet and tails – adaptations to arboreal living Based on 4 adaptations:- Locomotoro Generalized skeleton: around the same number of boneso Manual facility of handso Grasping abilityo Pentadactyl (5 fingers)o Nails and tactile acuityo Tendency to erect postureo Clavicular retention (helps with shoulder movement)- Dietaryo Generalized dental pattern (4 basic tooth types: incisors, canines, premolars, molars) Tendency toward omnivory (a generalized conditionwhich often correlates with the lack of specialization in the teeth)o Types: Omnivorous Seasonal/environmental variationo Dental Formula: indicates the number of each tooth type in each quadrant of the mouth.o Human: 2123o NW monkey: 2133o Occlusal: clinical name for biting surface of tootho The human maxilla illustrates a dental formula