Exam 2 – Practice QuestionsThis practice exam is NOT an exhaustive review of the material that will be covered on the exam. It is intended to supplement your studying.1. The measurement of weight is on a(n) _______ scale.a. nominalb. ordinalc. interval*d. ratio2. A participant’s observed score consists of a. reliability and validityb. transient and stable variables*c. measurement error and true scored. convergent and discriminant validity3. Which is the least important type of validity?a. criterion-related*b. facec. constructd. predictive4. Researchers usually consider a measure to have adequate reliability if Cronbach’s alpha coefficienta. is zerob. exceeds .05c. exceeds .30*d. exceeds .705. A researcher obtained a sample of adolescents and interviewed them about their alcohol use. This is an example of a _______ design.*a. cross-sectional designb. panel surveyc. demographicd. successive independent samples survey6. A sample from which a researcher can draw accurate inferences about the population is a a. systematic sampleb. quota sample*c. representative sampled. stratum7. The error of estimation is affected bya. sample sizeb. population sizec. variance of the data*d. all of the above8. On a histogram, the y-axis presents the a. individual participants*b. frequency of each scorec. scores on the independent variabled. class intervals9. Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest relationship between twovariables?a. +.45*b. -.60c. .00d. -.1310. The coefficient of determination is a. the amount of error variance in a correlation coefficientb. the square root of the correlation coefficient*c. the proportion of variance in one variable that is accounted for by anotherd. an index of negative correlation11. Most correlational research satisfies which of the following criteria for determining causality?a. directionality*b. covariationc. determinationd. elimination of extraneous variables12. When one’s data are on an ordinal scale of measurement, a _______ correlation should be used.*a. rank-orderb. point biserialc. Pearson ordinald. phi13. Researchers use their own judgment to choose participants ina. *quota samplingb. convenience samplingc. probability samplingd. purposive sampling14. The interval scale of measurement meets which of the following properties:a. magnitude b. magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute zeroc. *magnitude and equal intervalsd. none of the above15. A correlation coefficient used for variables measured on an ordinal scale is called aa. perfect correlationb. partial correlationc. *Spearman rank-order correlationd. point biserial correlation16. Which of the following statements about descriptive research is incorrect?a. it describes characteristics or behaviors of a specific populationb. *it tests hypothesesc. includes survey, demographic, and epidemiological researchd. all of the above are correct17. What kind of frequency distribution should be used for variables on a nominal or ordinal scale?a. pie chartb. *bar graphc. frequency polygond. histograms 18. Which of the following measurement errors is considered a transient factor?a. *moodb. intelligencec. motivationd. ambiguous questions on a questionnaire19. An example of a convenience sample isa. Chem 115 studentsb. residents living in a dormc. patients at a local clinicd. *all of the above are examples of a convenience sample20. The Pearson correlation coefficienta. *ranges between -1.00 and +1.00b. is designated by the letter r²c. has no magnituded. can only indicate if a positive correlation exists21. What scale of measurement would you use if you were measuring an individual’s IQ?a. Ratiob. *Intervalc. Individuald. Nominal22. What does a true score represent?a. Error varianceb. *Systematic variancec. True varianced. Reliable variance23. What r value indicates that a measuring technique has sufficient reliability?a. *.70b. 1.00c. .30d. .7524. What is a problem with using a longitudinal survey design?a. Practice or rehearsal effects can occurb. Attritionc. Participants can stop participating in the study while it is still in processd. *All are problems that could occur25. Demographic research a. *Describes patterns of basic life events and experiencesb. Looks at the amount of people in the United Statesc. Studies the occurrence of a disease in different groupsd. Tests hypothesis’ about demographics26. What is a stratum?a. A number that determines the error variance of a measureb. Dividing the characteristics in a population to measurec. *Subset of a population with common characteristicsd. None of the above27. When cases from each stratum are considered based on their proportion in the population is considereda. *Proportionate samplingb. Simple random samplingc. Cluster samplingd. Stratified random sampling28. What are the three factors in statistical significance?a. Sample size, Magnitude, R valueb. Population size, Magnitude, R valuec. *Sample size, Magnitude, P valued. Population size, Magnitude, P value29. To have causality between two variables what is needed?a. Directionalityb. Covariationc. Elimination of extraneous variablesd. *All of the above30. If the more people exercise, the more weight they lose. What type of correlation would this be?a. No correlationb. Positive correlationc. *Negative correlationd. Cannot tell with the information providedShort Answer1) List four things that can decrease the reliability of a measure. Provide examples of each.Transient states – the participant’s current state (e.g., mood, health) can affect participant’s responses to a measure such that their observed scores do not perfectly reflect the participant’s true characteristics or reactions.Stable attributes – participants’ trait characteristics (e.g., intelligence, self-esteem) can affect their interpretation and response to measures.Situational factors – characteristics of the research setting (e.g., cold vs. hot room) can affect participants’ responses to measures.Characteristics of the measure – poorly designed and untested measures (e.g., ambiguously worded questions, exhausting measures) can add measurement error.Mistakes – human (e.g., incorrectly scored measures) and technical (e.g., computer freezes) errors reduce the accuracy of observed scores.2) Distinguish among survey, demographic, and epidemiological research.Survey research is the most common form of descriptive research. The purpose of survey research is to provide a