1CryogenicsSpring 2010Phy 4550 (section 1329)Phy 6555C (sections 1339 and 8890)Tuesday/Thursday (5:10 pm to 6:25 pm) Rm 1002 NPBRight after Physics ColloquiumGary G. Ihas [email protected] 2253 NPB HITT RF Remote Login Procedure:1. PRESS AND HOLD THE DOWN ARROW KEY until the GREEN light on the remote turns RED.2. PRESS THE “0” KEY and you will see the RED light flash GREEN.3. PRESS THE “7” KEY and you will see the RED light flash GREEN.4. PRESS AND RELEASE THE DOWN ARROW KEY again and you will see the red light search for the receiver, if it BLINKS GREEN MULTIPLE TIMES you are logged in.The radio channel number for this room is “07” (zero, seven). It is STRONGLY recommended to login your remote for every class justto be sure it is on the correct radio channel and working before class.Welcome to the Wonderful World of CryogenicsHITT student response systemI am a:A. Physics MajorB. Physics Graduate StudentC. Engineering Student (Grad or Undergrad)D. Otherwise engagedMilestones in Civilization2Natural IceArtificial Ice MachineInvented by John Gorrie-1850Rotunda-Washington DCIce comes from….Then NowFrom the Simpsons’ featuring the cultivation of ice from the North Pole. When the ice deliveryman arrives at the Quik - E – Mart with his cargo, he says to Apu, “you’ve got to start charging more than a dollar a bag. We lost four more men on this expedition!” to which Apu replies, “If you can think of a better way to get ice I’d like to hear it.”“If the ice crop was poor, the price rose to the exorbitant rate of $1.25 a pound.” In today’s dollar this price corresponds to over $150 for a typical 3lb bag of ice (3).Cold Beer1873 Carl von Lindedimethyl ether refrigerant--made Spatenbrau beer3LOX-1877Louis Paul Cailletet (5)Raoul Pictet (4)Cailletet & Pictet’s oxygen liquefaction process (5)Space Shuttle Main Engine (1)FrenchPolishDewar FlaskJules Violle in 1882Dewar’s improvement in 1892?Vacuum insulation and silveringFather of RocketryKonstantin Tsiolkovsky 1903Identified LH2and LOXas the respective fuel and oxidizer of choice, and also suggested use of multi-stage rocketsLiquefaction of helium - 1908Kamerlingh Onne in LeidenJoule-Thomson EffectSamuel C. Collins - 1947Gas Flow Cryostat cross-section Heat exchangerBlood Storage and HandlingIn 1915, Dr. Richard Weil discovered that refrigeration in conjunction with citration (to prevent blood clotting) allowed for the storage of blood for several days. Until then, blood transfusions needed to be made directly from donor to recipient. Refrigerated “Percipitation” of blood also developed.4Cryogenics and RocketryRobert H. Goddard - 1926-41 feetV2 Rocket Herman Oberth Wernher von BraunFreon Refrigerantshalogenated hydrocarbonFormerly used toxic refrigerants included ammonia, butane, methyl chloride (or bromide), and sulfur dioxideCharles Kettering and Thomas Midgle invented the non-toxic freons in about 1935Cryo-coolersBased on Sterling engine, first introduced to cryogenics at 1956 Cryogenic Engineering Conference by J.W.L.KohlerSatellites-1957CryonicsBasil Luyet published a work titled “Life and Death at Low Temperatures”Cryogenics in Creating New LifeCryo-preserve sperm, oocytes, and embryos5Maglev using CryogenicsMeisner EffectWhat cryogen was used in the manufacture of beer?A. HeliumB. NitrogenC. OxygenD. NeonE. Dimethyl Ether What was the nationality of the first workers to liquefy Oxygen?A. USAB. BritishC. FrenchD. PolishE. Russian Cryo-Disasters: Life at CERNLarge Hadron Collider64-6 tons of liquid helium escapedTwo of the most severely broken interconnects, which are between the magnets in LHC sectors 3 and 4. The superconducting magnets, used to direct and focus the proton beams in the experiment, are cooled by liquid helium. An electrical fault caused the liquid helium to leak, resulting in a need for repairs that has put the experiment out of action until at least summer 2009. Damage to the support of one of the quadrupole magnets in sectors 3 to 4. The LHC uses quadrupole magnets to focus opposing proton beams, and dipole magnets to keep the beams on their respective paths. Magnets weighing 10’s of tons movedSite of the electrical fault that caused the helium leak. A resistive zone developed in one of the electrical connections, creating an electrical arc that punctured one of the helium enclosures around a magnet, according to an analysis by CERN. The warming helium expanded in the vacuum enclosure of the central subsector of the pipe, damaging the vacuum barriers separating the central subsector from the neighboring subsectors.The Fault?Investigations have shown that a faulty electrical connection between two magnets (shown in red) was the cause of the incident in sector 3-4 of the LHC on 19