URBS 350Self sufficiency vs. food production for the marketTrade barriersSlide Number 4Globalization of FoodFoodThe green revolutionSlide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13TermsUndernourishment - MAPNo. of Undernourished in the WorldNo. of Undernourished in Developing CountriesSlide Number 18Protracted crises: a special caseCharacteristics of protracted crisis include:Slide Number 21Food security outcomes in protracted crisesSlide Number 23Food – Green RevolutionFood Production Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Food DataQuestions to ConsiderURBS 350 Food Prof. TiwariSelf sufficiency vs. food production for the market • Globalization has resulted in poor countries opening up their food and agricultural markets to foreign competition • Poor countries however still must produce enough food to be self sufficient • These two goals are sometimes mutually exclusive as poor countries must concentrate on those goods for which they have a comparative advantageTrade barriers • Rich countries have not been completely straightforward and often push for the opening of markets in poor countries for products exported by rich countries while employing protectionist measures at home against products exported by poor countries • Ex. US compelled Bolivia to lower trade barriers to cocoa but kept its market closed to Bolivian sugar • In 1995, the average US farmer received subsidies equivalent to $29,000 (indirect and direct subsidies)• Globalization has led to perverse outcomes for poorer countriesGlobalization of Food • Rich countries often dump cheaper food into poorer countries, thereby upsetting local markets • Poorer countries are often compelled to buy fertilizers, seeds, etc from richer countries • Rich countries invoke environmental and social (Labor) requirements, thereby driving up prices of food products made in poorer countries • Food imports into poor countries drive up unemployment and rural poverty • Increasing reliance on external markets, particularly for large countries, can be a problems when there are food or market shocksFood • From the 1960’s, generally world food production has grown thanks to the green revolution. But the growth rate in yield declined recently In 2002, world food gross output was 2.09 billion tons, more than twice that in 1961, with average annual growth rate of 2%. It can be divided into three stages: – 1961-1985: rapid increase period with the result a doubling – 1985-1997: slow increase period with growth of only 16.3% – After 1998: standstill period. Gross output declined gradually. For example, food output in 2002 only 2.09 billion tons, decreasing 14% compared with that in 1997. –Around 1 billion people today are under nourishedThe green revolution • “…some of the environmental lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth, but many of them are elitists. They've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger. They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in Washington or Brussels. If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world, as I have for fifty years, they'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things…” --Norman Borlaug (Father of the green revolution)Terms • Food security: exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food – 1800 calories per day / min need • Undernourishment: describes the status of persons whose food intake regularly provides less than their minimum energy requirements • Hunger targets: are outlined in two main agreements – the World Food Summit Target and the Millennium Development GoalsUndernourishment - MAP • http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/en/No. of Undernourished in the WorldNo. of Undernourished in Developing CountriesProtracted crises: a special caseCharacteristics of protracted crisis include: • Duration or longevity of the crisis • Conflict • Weak governance • Unsustainable livelihood systems and poor food security outcomes •Breakdown of local institutionsFood security outcomes in protracted crises • Approximately 166 million undernourished people in countries in protracted crisis • Roughly 20 percent of the world’s undernourished people live in countries in protracted crisis, or more than a third of the global total if China and India are excluded • Not all countries in protracted crisis have very high levels of undernourishment; in some countries crises are localized to certain areas or regions • http://www.fao.org/economic/es-policybriefs/multimedia0/presentation-the-state-of-food-insecurity/en/Towards ensuring food security in protracted crises: recommended actions Improving analysis and understanding • Donors and agencies must invest more in analysis, impact assessment and lessons learned in protracted crisis situations • Response analysis must be improved, building capacities in both production and use of better informed analysis of options for assistance • Information systems should be strengthened and expanded Improving support to livelihoods for food security • Governments, donors and agencies should better link responses that address both short- and longer-term needs • Support for livelihoods must build on existing capacity and should strengthen positive livelihood adaptations • Efforts should focus on helping to rebuild and/or promote local institutions that support livelihoods Reforming the "architecture" of assistance • A High-Level Forum should be organized to develop an Agenda for Action for tackling food insecurity in protracted crises • Donor planning should emphasize predictability for prevention, early action and long-term solutions • Modalities of assistance should move beyond the traditional categories of "relief" and "development" to a more diversified approachFood – Green Revolution The green revolution(s) has fed people but also resulted in: • Pesticide use and run off • Soil erosion • Increase in water use; water logging • Genetically modified crops; reduction in biodiversity • Capital intensive farming • Large factory farmsFood ProductionFood Data Food Production http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx Country Nutritional Profiles