URBS 350Human Development, Poverty, MicrofinanceCSUNMDG• Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger• Achiev e Universal Primary Education• Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women• Reduce Child Mortality• Improve Maternal Health• Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases• Ensure Environmental Sustainability• Develop a Global Partners hip for Development• http://www.mdgmonitor.org/Millennium Development Goals• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUt ‐uMvSD1IHDI Objectives• Develop indicators that measure the basic dimensions of human development and enlargement of people’s choices• Make use of a limited number of indicators• Devise a composite index• Create a measure that cover s economic and social choices• Flexible measure subject to refinement• Rank countries with the index to advocate for data relevant to human development policiesHDI Parameters• Long and healthy live, measured by life expectancy at birth• Knowledge, measured by adult literacy rate and combined gross enrollment ratio at all levels of schooling• A decent standard of living, measured by GDP per capita in terms of PPPEconomic Measures ‐ Poverty• Absolute Poverty– Absolute level below which people don’t have the capacity to provide for basic food/physical needs• Relative Poverty– Measured relative to income distribution in a region• Chronic Poverty• Transient Poverty• Income inequality (GINI)Unmet Basic Needs Approach (UBA)• Housing deficiencies– Construction materials for walls, roofs, and floors• Health – Safe drinking water– Sanitary facilities• Education– Literacy rate• For those areas with high literacy rates, other measures of education such as % with HS diploma or BA may be more suitable. Human Poverty Index• A long and healthy life – vulnerability to death at an early age and low probability of surviving to 60• Knowledge –exclusion from the world of reading and communication; illiteracy and functional illiteracy • A decent standard of living –measured by the % of population below the income poverty line (50% of AMI)• Social Exclusion –as measured by the rate of long term unemploymentGender Care • Unpaid work, the care economy and impact on women’s well being• Type of work women are involved in• Women’s access to the formal labor market• Wage discrimination• Gender based violence• Health Women’s Health• Differentials in healthcare access and impact on opportunities and capabilities• Sexual and reproductive health freedom• Maternal mortality rate• Availability and use of contraceptives• Morbidity differences between men and women• Gender budgeting by the govt. (i.e. what is the govtdoing to redress gender gaps)• HDIs can be adjusted for gender to assess development differences in the same regions between men / womenEnvironmental Measures• Energy Development index (EDI)– Per capita commercial energy– Share of commercial energy use in total energy– Electrification rate• Environmental vulnerability mapping (what groups are disproportionately impacted by environmental issues)• Incidence and prevalence of environmentally induced conditions (respiratory infections) among different population groups (stratified by income, age, etc)Specific health related measures of human development• Proportion of national budget allocated to a specific condition (e.g. HIV)• Use of preventive methods (e. g. condom use)• Percentage w/ access to medicines• Morbidity and mortality burden associated with condition (e.g. missed work days)• Children headed households; % of grandparent guardians Human Security• Economic• Food• Health• Environmental• Personal • Community• PoliticalGovernance and Human Deve lopmentCORRUPTION INDEX (2010) –TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONALOther Measures• Participatory Poverty Assessments (PPA) –subjective assessments of powerlessness, exclusion• Human Right indices• Decentralization• Higher End Measures – Access to internet– Transportation access– Higher education accessThe Impact of the 2008‐09 World Recession• http://www.youtube.com/user/WorldBank#p/search/32/N60NziuroiMPoverty• Absolute poverty –defined in terms of a fixed level of purchasing power, one that is sufficient to buy a fixed bundle of basic necessities • Relative poverty –defined in terms of the typica l income or consumption level in wider society• World bank poverty threshold is $1.25‐$2 per day per person for developing countries. Poverty Measurement in US• Poverty Line• http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/threshld/thresh08.html• AMI –Area Median Income– Low income (80% AMI)– Very low income (50% AMI)– Extremely low income (30% AMI)• Middle class is typically defined in terms of AMI (typically between 75‐125% AMI)Measuring Income for determination of poverty• Money IncomeIncludes earnings, unemployment, worker’s compensation, SSI, public assistance, pensions, etc• Non cash benefits do not count• Pre‐tax income• Excludes capital gains • Only family member incomes countPoverty level – other assumptions• Each person or family falls into one of 48 poverty thresholds• Thresholds vary according to family size and ages of family members•