URBS 350HDR 2006 Water and SanitationWhy water..Water CycleWater ProcurementSlide Number 6Water Availability (UN Water)Sources of waterSources of WaterAquastatWorldwide Freshwater useSlide Number 12Slide Number 13Water DistributionWater Extraction by Section (KM3/year)Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Water Use, US (2005)Water Usage, 2005 (US)Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Water Usage (US)Water supply in the USDomestic Water UseWater Need and ShortageWater related problemsWater Related ProblemsThird World Water IssuesThird World Water IssuesWater Borne IllnessesDisease burden and waterSlide Number 35Water and Economic DevelopmentSince water is important we must develop a framework for Water rights:Riparian RightsPrior appropriationWhy are “use” rights important?Water based conflictSlide Number 42Water Demand PlanningWhy is energy importantSub-Saharan Africa Fuel SourceFuel Source Developing CountriesFood ProductionEnergy UseSources of EnergySlide Number 50Renewable – replenish in a short time frameDeveloping WorldEnergy NeedsDeveloping WorldDeveloping WorldChallengeSome solutionsEnergy for the poor – SolarURBS 350 Water and Energy Prof. TiwariHDR 2006 Water and Sanitation • http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/videos/Why water.. • Water is a resource with many uses. • Water system is a closed system: evaporation, condensation / precipitation, infiltration, etc.. • The earth cannot loose water, though access can become a problem, as sources of water are overused and literally dry up • If you over water your garden, let your faucet run, the water isn’t lost, however, to recover this water requires time, energy, resources.Water Cycle • Precipitation / Condensation – water returns to the earth’s surface (liquid or solid) from the atmosphere • Evaporation – when water changes from liquid to gaseous form ; when water drifts up to the atmosphere as vapor (also evapotranspiration) •Sublimation – when water goes directly from solid (ice) to its gaseous phaseWater Procurement Moving water or making it usable requires time, energy, and resources: • It is expensive to transporting the freshwater from where it is plentiful to where it is not (e.g. from Russia to India, South America to Africa) • Vast majority of water on the earth is salinated (~97%); we must get rid of the NaCl before using it—this process is quite expensiveWater Availability (UN Water) • It is estimated that the freshwater available for human consumption varies between 12,500 km3 and 14,000 km3 each year (Hinrichsen et al., 1998; Jackson et al., 2001). • Many countries in Africa, the Middle East, western Asia, and some eastern European countries have lower than average quantities of freshwater resources available to their populations. • Due to rapid population growth, the potential water availability for the earth’s population decreased from 12,900 m3 per capita per year in 1970 to 9,000 m3 in 1990, and to less than 7,000 m3 in 2000 (Clarke, 1991; Jackson et al, 2001; Shiklomanov, 1999). • In densely populated parts of Asia, Africa and central and southern Europe, current per capita water availability is between 1,200 m3 and 5,000 m3 per year (Shiklomanov, 1999). • The global availability of freshwater is projected to drop to 5,100 m3 per capita per year by 2025. This amount would be enough to meet individual human needs if it were distributed equally among the world’s population (Shiklomanov, 1999). • It is estimated that 3 billion people will be in the water scarcity category of 1,700 m3 per capita per year by 2025 (UNEP, 2002).Sources of water • Surface water – rivers, streams, etc. • Ground water – stored in pore spaces and cracks within rocks materials – Aquifer: water bearing rock formation that yields water in economically usable quantities • Unconfined – recharged by precipitation • Confined – Restricted recharge areaSources of Water • Though a very small proportion of the water on earth is usable (~10 M KM3), this portion is still enough • Each cubic Km contains about 1000 Billion Liters of water •The world’s current population needs approximately 8000 KM3 of water annuallyAquastat • http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stmWorldwide Freshwater useWater Distribution Annual Precipitation (m3) % of world freshwater Per capita water (m3) Sub Saharan Africa 19,809 9% 4007 N. America 12,249 13.2% 13,401 S. America 28,584 28.8% 32,165 Middle East 1422 1.1% 3042 Central Asia 1270 0.6% 3020 S. And E. Asia 24,107 28.9% 3155 Europe 12,426 15.2% 8941 Australia, N. Zealand 4733 2.1% 33,469Water Extraction by Section (KM3/year) Municipal Industrial Agricultural Total Sub Saharan Africa 13 4 105 121 N. America 74.4 252.2 197.8 524 S. America 32 21 112 165 Middle East 25 20 227 268 Central Asia 5 8 150 162 S. And E. Asia 186 200 1635 2021 Europe 61 204 109 374 Australia, N. Zealand 5 3 19 26Water Use, US (2005) 11% 31% 2% 1% 1% 1% 4% 49% Public Use Irrigation Aquaculture Mining Domestic Livestock Industrial Thermoelectric USA, Water Use (2005) http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/Water Usage, 2005 (US) • In 2005, approximately 410 billion gallons per day were extracted for all uses • Freshwater withdrawals accounted for 85% of the use; the remainder was salinated (>1000 mg/liter)Water Usage (US)Water supply in the US • Most (86%) of people rely on public sources of water (i.e. water supplied by a local water company) • 14% provide their own water •Urbanization has increased reliance on public sources of waterDomestic Water Use GPCD – Gallons per capita per day Total Use – 99 GPCD, It is estimated that water conservation measures can shave off ~ 20 GPCD Source: American water works assoc. 58% 6% 1% 2% 6% 8% 9% 10% Outdoor Leak Dishwasher Other Faucet Bath/Shower Clothes washer ToiletWater Need and Shortage • Water scarcity occurs when existing water supplies are inadequate for all uses • Of course, water use varies by people/place, and is a social construct to some degree (though there is a minimal level of water per person is required) • The UN suggests that each person needs 20-50 litres of safe freshwater a day to ensure their basic needs for drinking, cooking and cleaningWater related problems • 41% of the world’s population lives in river basins where per capita water supply is inadequate • 1+