Ch.6: Ethical Values- Provide strong arguments in the absence of both economic values and sufficient info about a species’ values- Have unique power!!!I. ESA (p. 138)A. Protects species based on “aesthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value” B. Economic value not includedC. But some rulings favor economics;“God squad” = senior government officials who may decide that economics override national preservation interestsII. Some species lack economic valueA. Have small popn size, limited geographic range, small body1. no immediate use2. lack imp. biotic relationships with economically imp. spp.B. Which spp? Many ---1. insects2. fungi3. nonflowering plants4. bacteria5. protistsIII. Environmental ethicsA. Each species is unique --- intrinsic value1. right thing to do, our duty2. we feel better by doing so3. obligation to protect spp. from extinctionB. Anthropocentric view1. anti-conservationa. humans are more imp. than other spp.b. any treatment of nature is acceptable2. pro-conservationspp. benefit us via art, aesthetics, science, religious inspiration, etc.BiophiliaPeoples’ love, awe, wonder about natureC. Extinction of a species is a “superkilling”1. kills future generations of the species2. eliminates speciation/evolution.D. Species protection must prevail over protection of individuals???IV. Religious supportA. Biodiversity is God’s creation (Christian & Jewish religions)1. Noah’s ark & protection of biodiversity2. protection of animals -- covenant with God3. good stewardsB. Hinduism & Buddhism -- avoid unnecessary harm to lifepp. 145-146, Box 11C. Opposed if view humans as center of creationV. Interdependence of life & global processesEhrlich & Ehrlich (1981) Species are rivets holding together the “Earthship”, carrying all life, including humans through timeHow many rivets are you willing to lose?VI. Duty to peopleA. Environ. degradation harms peopleB. Live sustainablyC. Preserve biodiversity for future generationsD. Enable disadvantaged peoples to live sustainablyVII. Deep ecologyA. Environ. philosophyB. Must redefine acceptable human activitiesC. All life has equal right to live.“… the continued loss of biodiversity and taming of the natural landscape will not improve peoples’ lives. What is being lost is unique and increasingly more precious as monetary wealth increases and opportunities to experience nature