Be familiar with the correct spelling and a formal definition for each term in bold print.Study Guide for Conservation Biology Lecture Exam #1 -- Chapters 1-3To Be Given on Tuesday, 5 February 2013Be familiar with the correct spelling and a formal definition for each term in bold print.Chapter 1: Defining Conservation Biology (What is Conservation Biology?)• What is the underlying cause of the present day biodiversity crisis? How does the current crisis compare to that of mass extinctions of the past or to the background rate of extinction? What are the major, direct threats to Earth's biodiversity?• You should be familiar with a formal definition for "conservation biology". It is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary science. How so? Where does conservation biology have its origin? Include in your response its relative age as a science and the one person must instrumental in its birth.• Conservation biology is said to be crisis driven and mission oriented. What are the crisis and mission? Why is conservation biology said to be a "value-laden" science? What are the three major goals of the science of conservation biology?• Conservation in the United States has its roots in three philosophical movements: romantic-transcendental conservation ethic, resource conservation ethic, and the ecological-evolutionary land ethic. What are the chief differences among these philosophies? Which one is most ecologically sound and contributes most to conservation biology? Which philosophy includes the multiple use concept? Be familiar with the biocentric, anthropocentric, and ecocentric philosophies. Chapter 2 -- What is Biodiversity?• Why does the species concept entail much imprecision and variation? Why aren't species always clear cut entities? Be familiar with these terms: population, community, ecosystem, and speciation.• Be familiar with the morphological, biological, and genetic species concepts. • Why is it important to conservation to improve the taxonomy of species? Many species have been named/described using the morphological species concept. Which modern methodology promises to better delineate problematic species?- Most of us think of species richness or species diversity when we hear the word biodiversity. However, this term can refer to diversity at multiple levels of biological and ecological organization (e.g., ecosystem diversity). You should be familiar with these levels. Who first coined the term "biodiversity"?• Why are community and ecosystem diversities good? How do present day speciation and extinction rates compare (qualitatively) and why the difference? - Be able to argue that given a limited amount of resources for management, keystone species should receive greater protection than other species in the community.- Be able to argue that communities and ecosystems should be conserved as much as individual species.- Most of us think of species richness or species diversity when we hear the word biodiversity. However, this term can refer to diversity at multiple levels of biological and ecological organization. You should be familiar with all these levels. Who first coined the term "biodiversity"?- How many species have been named/described, and what are current estimates of the world’s species richness? Explain how biologists derive these estimates.• You should know that the number of described species in terrestrial ecosystems far outweighs the number described in marine ecosystems. However, marine ecosystems appear to have a greater diversity of higher taxa.1• You should be familiar with some of the major global patterns of biodiversity. For instance, diversity of many taxa is greatest in the tropics, species richness increases with structural complexity, etc. • Remember that species richness on islands is affected by island size and distance to a mainland (e.g., large islands have more species than small islands).• Recall that the tropical rainforest is the most species rich biome on Earth and is presently suffering the greatest habitat loss. What proportion of the world’s species is thought to live in the tropics? Give some of the explanations for greater diversity in the tropics.• Remember, the coral reefs may be more species rich than the terrestrial tropics when examined on a per unit area basis. Of the world's 35 phyla of animals, how many of these occur in coral reef ecosystems? - Be able to argue that the world’s tropical rainforests and coral reefs should receive greater protection than other ecosystems on Earth.Ch.3: The Value of Biodiversity, Part 1 (Direct Values)- Be able to argue that the conservation of biodiversity is important.• This chapter tells us that economic valuation of biodiversity is necessary. Explain why this is so.• What is ecological economics? - What is the difference between consumptive and productive goods? Be able to discuss the differences between direct and indirect economic values of natural resources and biodiversity. • If you were to do a cost-benefit analysis using ecological economics, what are some of the hidden costs and benefits you should consider?• What are some ways in which individuals and corporations can be discouraged from polluting or degrading the environmental? That is, how can we avoid the "tragedy of the commons"?• What are potential "dangers" of putting a dollar value on a species?• Despite the enormous direct economic value of biodiversity, if you wanted to argue for the preservation of biodiversity on this merit alone, you might have trouble for the majority of Earth's species. Why?- Be familiar with use (direct and indirect) values and non-use values.Ch.3: The Value of Biodiversity, Part 2 (Indirect Values)- Recall that indirect economic values include nonconsumptive benefits, such as ecosystem services, recreation, ecotourism, and option values. What are some ofthe ecosystem services provided by life forms? Which is probably of greater economic value, indirect or direct economic benefits?- Ecosystem services are often accomplished via species relationships (i.e., biotic interactions such as pollination). Can you discuss some of the ways humans benefitfrom these biotic interactions, and what are some of the interactions involved?- How important is ecotourism globally as compared with tourism in general? What are some of the pitfalls