Ch7: Protected Areas- It is more effective to conserve diverse areas instead of single species- Protecting priority species, protects whole community- Protect areas based on taxonomic uniqueness, overall biodiversity, & threat ofendangermentI. Protected areasA. Drive peaked in 1970’s; See page 215, Table 7.1B. May cover 10-15% of Earth’s land surfaceC. 160 countries have protected areasa. largest park is in Greenland;5% of Earth’s protected area!b. leaders: Germany, Austria, UKD. Marine ecosystems 1. 1% is protected; need greater protection2. protection hindered by:a. species migrationb. fishing interests/international agreementsc. spread of pollutiond. difficulty policingE. How can areas be protected?1. govern. action (usually national)2. individ. or conservation organizations purchase land3. biological field stations4. customs of indigenous peoplesII. Priorities for protectionA. Conserve sites having:1. greatest # of rare endemics or unique spp.2. species in danger of extinction3. species having present or potential value to humansB. Protect focal species1. e.g., endangered or keystone2. indicator of unique ecosystem, processes, or endangered community3. flagship species = charismatic megafauna, captures public sentiment4. umbrella species = the protection of which offers protection to many other species C. Who establishes species plans & conservation priorites?1. in Americas, the Natural Heritage Programs & Conservation Data Centers2. IUCN Species Survival Commission Action PlanD. Choose based on taxa indicative of much diversityE. Conserve ecosystemsIII. HotspotsA. Have great biodiversity, endemism, & immediate threat of extinctionsB. Global 25 hotspots; Page 224, Figure 7.5C. U.S. hotspots = Southwest, Appalachia, Southeast, Hawaii, & CAD. Megadiversity countriesIV. Gap analysisHow good are conservation programs?A. Compares biodiversity priorities with areas protected or proposed for protectionB. Systematic approach1. document spp., ecosystems, physical features of regions2. set goals for amount of area/species to be protected3. determine area already protected4. determine additional areas for