1Introduction to ComputerEngineeringCS/ECE 252, Spring 2008Prof. David A. WoodComputer Sciences DepartmentUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonNotes adapted from Mark D. Hill’s notesComputer as a tool• Hammer– Arguably the most useful tool in human history– Pounds, pries, and useful as weapon• Computer– Arguably supplanting the hammer as mostuseful toolComputers!• Engineers and scientists of all disciplines rely oncomputers for many aspects of their work– Not just word processing, spreadsheets, CAD, etc.– Computational methods, data mining, analysis/synthesis arefundamental to advances in many fields• Many of the advanced techniques used in today’smicroprocessors were invented right here at UW• Some of the most renowned computer designresearchers in the world are on our faculty• There is a near-100% likelihood that a Wisconsingraduate helped design the computer or processor thatyou ownTechnology• Technology advances at astounding rate– 19th century: attempts to build mechanicalcomputers– Early 20th century: mechanical counting systems(cash registers, etc.)– Mid 20th century: vacuum tubes as switches– Since: transistors, integrated circuits• 1965: Moore’s law [Gordon Moore]– Predicted doubling of capacity every 18 months– Has held and will continue to hold• Drives functionality, performance, cost– Exponential improvement for 40 years2Some HistoryBell Labs1st transistor19471.7B transistorsIntel Montecito20065.5M transistorsIntel Pentium Pro19951M transistorsIntel 80486198929K transistorsIntel 808619782300 transistorsIntel 40041974Intel (calculator market)1st microprocessor1971Jack Kilby (MSEE ’50) @TIWinner of 2000 Nobel prize1st IC1958CommentsEventDateApplications• Corollary to Moore’s Law:Cost halves every two yearsIn a decade you can buy a computer for less than itssales tax today. –Jim Gray• Computers cost-effective for– National security – weapons design– Enterprise computing – banking, Amazon.com– Web Search – Google & Yahoo!– Departmental computing – computer-aided design– Personal computer – word processing, email, web– Pervasive computing – iPhone• Countless industries revolutionizedPlace on Desk• 7MB Disk Pack• 6’ Disk• IPod (30GB)• (30GB/7MB = 4,000x)• 32KB PDP-11 memory board• 512MB DIMM• Computer useful & then 10,000x better!$16 base; 60% growthBase$160Need fundamentally newways to spend money$300M36Buy house$100K24Buy car$16K15Still live at home$643CommentsSalaryYear3Performance GrowthUnmatched by any other industry ![John Crawford, Intel]• Doubling every 18 months (1982-1996): 800x– Cars travel at 44,000 mph and get 16,000 mpg– Air travel: LA to NY in 22 seconds (MACH 800)– Wheat yield: 80,000 bushels per acre• Doubling every 24 months (1971-1996): 9,000x– Cars travel at 600,000 mph, get 150,000 mpg– Air travel: LA to NY in 2 seconds (MACH 9,000)– Wheat yield: 900,000 bushels per acrePlace On Desk• IPod• Laptop• Treo• Etc.• All Computers• Software/Hardware separation keyThis CourseThis course will:• Help you understand the significance and pervasivenessof computers in today’s society and economy• Teach you how computers really operate and how theyare designed• Introduce you to concepts that students in the ComputerSciences and Computer Engineering degree programlearn in depth over four years• Prepare and motivate you for study in this degreeprogram• Will count towards GCR introduction to engineeringrequirementCourse Outline• Prerequisite – none• Major topics in course– Introduction to computers and computing– Information representation and manipulation– Logic elements and combinational Logic– Sequential Logic and Memory– Simple computer organization, design and operation– Machine language and instruction set architecture– Assembly language– Programming constructs4Abstraction and Complexity• Abstraction helps usmanage complexity• Complex interfaces– Specify what to do– Hide details of how Goal: Use abstractions yetstill understand detailsElectronic circuitsECE340Digital DesignCS/ECE352Computer ArchitectureCS/ECE552Machine Language (ISA)CS/ECE354CompilerCS536Application ProgramCS302Operating SystemCS537Scope ofthis courseGo Over Web Pagehttp://www.cs.wisc.edu/~david/courses/cs252/Spring2008/Instructor & TAsTextbookLecture NotesScheduleLC-3 SimulatorGradingExamsHomeworkAdvice• Textbook – read BEFORE corresponding lecture• Lecture – attend!– book does NOT have all the material• Homework – best completed in study groups– Will reinforce in-class coverage– Will help you prepare for midterm exams• Study Groups– Groups of 2-3– Should meet weekly, learn from each other– Review material & discuss homework assignments– Each student should submit his/her own homeworkComputer As a Tool• Many computers today are embedded– Fixed functionality– Appliance-like– Not really programmable by end user• Not the focus of this course!– Instead, programmable computers– Learn to think of computer as a tool• Program?– Algorithm or set of steps that computer follows– Human brains wired to work this