Slide 1NOTESlide 3Q. What is stress?Definition of stressQ. Why is stress necessary?Slide 7Physical response to stressAutonomic Nervous SystemHPA Axis [Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Adrenal Axis]Biochemical response to stressQ. What happens to our body when we get stressed out?Slide 13Q. What are some of the ways that we respond to stress?Emotional response to stressSlide 16Slide 17Slide 18Perception of stress1. Eustress2. DistressYerkes Dodson CurveGeneral Adaptation SyndromeGeneral Adaptation Syndrome [GAS]Stage 1: AlarmStage 2: ResistanceStage 3: ExhaustionAllostatic loadStress & ImmunityStress & Cardiovascular DiseaseStress & HeadachesPersonality and stressSources of stressUniversity StressorsSlide 35WEDNESDAYQUESTIONS/CONCERNS?THANK YOUSTRESSKIN 123: FOUNDATIONS OF HEALTHM/W/F 1-1.50PmQuinn AuditoriumShabnam LateefFall 2013NOTEIn Chapter 1: Taking Charge of Your Health. The last part from “Taking personal responsibility for your wellness”, including Stages of Behavior Change will be covered under Module 2.It will not be included in Exam 1. However in this module, I am going to cover Theory of Behavior and that is included in Module 1. They are two distinct topics.Q. What is stress?Definition of stress According to the American Psychological Association, Stress is defined as:“ Any uncomfortable emotional experience that is accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological and behavioral changes.”Q. Why is stress necessary?A. Stress evolved as a way of preparing the body to respond to a challenge. Stress results in the “fight or flight” response.Physical response to stressDetermined by two body systems:1. Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic: It helps prepare the body for “flight or fight” in response to a crisis. Parasympathetic system: Helps you relax and returns the body to homeostasis once the crisis is over.2. Endocrine System: Releases hormones (chemical messengers) which help activate the organs to prepare the body to deal with the stressor.Autonomic Nervous SystemHPA Axis [Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Adrenal Axis]Biochemical response to stressHORMONE SECRETED FROMSHORT –TERM EFFECT[Helps deal with stressor]1. CORTISOL [HYDROCORTISONE]Adrenal cortex Gluconeogenesis: Produces glucose to make energy available to the brain and important organs.2. NORADRENALINE/ NOREPINEPHRINEAdrenal medulla, Nerve endings of sympathetic nervesBrain: Acts on the amygdala to control attention and response.Increases- Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Respiratory Rate.3. ADRENALINE/ EPINEPHRINEAdrenal medulla, Nerve endings of sympathetic nervesIncreases- Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Respiratory Rate.Decreases digestion and bowel and bladder activity, increases sweat gland activity.Q. What happens to our body when we get stressed out?Q. What are some of the ways that we respond to stress?Emotional response to stressEffective response: Coping skills that help improve optimal performance.Ineffective response: Overeating, expressing hostility, anger, Addiction (Tobacco/ Drugs/ Alcohol), depression, mood swings.Q. Is our emotional response to stress unconscious and cannot be changed?A. On the contrary, it is controlled by the somatic system (which manages our conscious actions). Our response to stress are learned behaviors (many times we imitate the way in which our parents/close friends respond to stress).Q. What characteristic determines whether we respond to stress positively or negatively?Perception of stressAs defined by Hans Selye in 1975.Depending on one’s feelings of control and desirability, and the time and location of the stressor, we either perceive the stressor to be positive or negative.Both emotional responses (positive and negative) to a stressor can be equally taxing on the body (physically).1. EustressEu = Good. ‘Good stress’.When a stressor is perceived to be a positive challenge, one responds in a healthy way with a feeling of hope and vigor. Eustress provides one with a boost to take on the challenge of managing the stressor. It correlates positively with feelings of fulfillment and satisfaction in accomplishing something.Examples: Playing sports, giving an exam, watching a scary movie, riding a roller coaster.2. DistressDis = Bad. Bad stress.Distress is defined as ‘Persistent stress that is not resolved through coping mechanisms or adaptations.It is a negative type of stress that may lead to anxiety, withdrawal and depressive symptoms.Yerkes Dodson CurveGeneral Adaptation SyndromeSelye coined the term to describe a universal and predictable response pattern to any type of stressor.General Adaptation Syndrome [GAS]Stage 1: AlarmThe body is exposed to a stressor.The initial body reaction to the stressor.Stage 2: ResistanceFor the short-term the systemic response to stress intensifies.If the stressor persists, then coping mechanisms kick in.Stage 3: ExhaustionAfter the stressor has been overcome, the body restores itself to achieve homeostasis.In events of a prolonged stressor like dealing with illness in the family, the body may become exhausted and cannot maintain continued functioning. This approaches a sub-stage of decompensation.Decompensation may manifest itself in the form of systemic diseases like diabetes, ulcers, hypertension.Allostatic loadThe long-term wear and tear of the stress response is called the allostatic load.Allostatic load calculates the risk you are at for developing heart disease, stroke, diabetes, obesity etc.Allostatic load depends on genetics, life experiences, behavioral and emotional responses to stressors.Stress & ImmunityStress reduces immunity. Increased levels of cortisol over a period of time reduce the number of lymphocytes.Epinephrine reduces the efficiency of lymphocytes.Stress & Cardiovascular DiseaseStress hormones increase heart rate and cause vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels) which causes blood pressure to rise.Hypertension causes atherosclerosis (deposit of fat in the arteries) which may lead to stroke and myocardial infarction.Stress & HeadachesStresses causes changes in blood supply throughout the body. This may precipitate: Tension headaches (dull aching pain on the side of the head) Migraines (headaches accompanied by nausea/vomiting and fatigue) Cluster headaches (around the eyes)Personality and stressYour personality determines your cognitive, behavioral and emotional