Slide 1Chapter 1 The Requirements ProblemThe Goal of Software DevelopmentThe Standish Group’s Survey (1994)Causes of Project Success and FailureFactors that Caused Projects to be “Challenged"Factors that Caused Projects to be “Success"Software Development ProblemsThe High Cost of Requirements ErrorsThe High Cost of Requirements ErrorsBecause ...Slide 12Key pointsJan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 1Jan 14, 20192Chapter 1The Requirements Problem The goal of software development Reasons of projects successes and failures The cost of requirements errorsJan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 3The Goal of Software DevelopmentTo develop high-quality softwares on time and on budget that meets customers' real needs.Jan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 4The Standish Group’s Survey (1994)The following is a look at the study done by the Standish group:In USA $250 billion spent each year on IT application development of approximately 175,000 projects. 31% of projects will be canceled before they ever get completed. 52.7% of projects will cost 189% of their original estimates.Jan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 5Causes of Project Success and Failure The Standish Group survey also asked respondents to identify the most significant factors that contributed to projects that were rated: SuccessChallenged: late and didn’t meet expectationsImpaired: canceledJan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 6Factors that Caused Projects to be “Challenged"The 3 most commonly cited factors were:1. Lack of user input: 13% of all projects2. Incomplete req & specs: 12% of all projects3. Changing req and specs: 12% of all projectsAt least 1/3 of the development projects run into trouble for reasons that are directly related to requirements gathering, requirements documentation, requirements management.Jan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 7Factors that Caused Projects to be “Success"The 3 most important success factors were:1. User involvement: 16% of all successful projects2. Executive management support: 14% of all successful projects3. Clear statement of requirements: 12% of all successful projectsJan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 8Software Development ProblemsThe two largest problems, appearing in about half of the responses, were1. Requirements specifications2. Managing customer requirementsSurvey conducted by European Software Process Improvement Training Initiative (ESPITI) [1995], with 3,800 responses.Jan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 9The High Cost of Requirements ErrorsJan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 10The High Cost of Requirements ErrorsThe errors discovered during the design of a development project could fall into one of two categories: 1. Errors that occurred when the development staff created a technical design from a correct set of requirements, or 2. Errors that should have been detected as requirements errors somewhat earlier in the process but that somehow "leaked" into the design phase of the project. It's the second category of errors that turn out to be particularly expensive .. Why?Jan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 11Because ...1. The errors are misleading. Everyone is looking for design errors during the testing or inspection activities while in fact they are in the requirements.2. By the time the requirements error is discovered, time and effort have been lost in faulty design. So, the design have to be thrown away or reworked.Jan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 12The High Cost of Requirements ErrorsIn order to repair a defect, we are likely to experience costs in some or all of the following areas:Re-specification, Redesign, Recoding, Retesting,Change orders,Corrective action: undoing whatever damage may have been done. Scrap: code and design that are based on incorrect requirements.Recall of defective versions of softwareWarranty costs.Product liability: customer can sue for damages Service costs for reinstallation.Jan 14, 2019GCIS 504/GENG 580- The requirements problem 13Key pointsThe goal of software development is to develop quality software – on time and on budget – that meets customers' real needs.Project success depends on effective requirements management.Requirements errors are the most common type of systems development error and the most costly to fix.A few key skills can significantly reduce requirements errors and thus improve software