History of photography part 4 photography as a tool CS 178 Spring 2011 Marc Levoy Computer Science Department Stanford University Outline 2 the technology improves popularization of photography documenting the growth of America gigantic undertakings around the world the industrial aesthetic scientific uses of photography documenting the social scene the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl profile photographers of the Farm Security Administration still to come photojournalism modern art photography Marc Levoy The technology improves 1878 dry plate photography Richard Maddox Charles Bennett hardened gelatin silver bromide exposure time under one second plates could be stored separating shooting from processing 1885 paper roll film Arthur Melhuish George Eastman gelatin coated onto paper or film exposures under 1 10 second multiple pictures without fiddling 1880s shutters wikipedia many people needed as films became more sensitive focal plane roller blind leaf diaphragm 3 Marc Levoy The Kodak Camera Newhall George Eastman 1854 1932 brightbytes com 1888 Kodak camera No 1 fixed focus single shutter speed 1 100 sec 100 shots per roll then mail the camera back for reloading You press the button we do the rest 25 for the camera 10 per roll to process contribution was not a single invention but a system Marc Levoy 4 Edison s lighting system 1880 patent for incandescent light bulb 1882 first lighting system New York City system components Thomas Edison 1847 1931 central generating station underground conductors usage meter wiring and plugs sockets and fixtures fuses to prevent overloading misjudged one component 5 direct current versus alternating current Marc Levoy Related technologies wikipedia platinum print you have to see it in person first photograph printed using halftoning Tim Page 6 1870s German chemistry dye drug industries new processes and compounds purity standardization 1880 flash photography using flash powder 1890 platinum paper printing matte but with a deep black 1873 screen based halftone printing for mass publication Marc Levoy Screen based halftoning screen simulated in Photoshop since a printing press can only print black or white no grays goal is to convert tones into dots of varying size image focused on screen original inverted blurred thresholded screened screen paper now largely replaced with digital halftoning 7 inverted Marc Levoy Later technologies 1 In response to a student question the 35mm film standard was indeed introduced by Thomas Edison in 1892 as part of his movie camera system as I guessed in class The film stock is 35mm wide In a movie camera this film travels vertically as shown on slide 46 and each frame is a rectangle 16mm tall x 22mm wide In a 35mm still photographic camera like the Leica I pictured here the same film stock moves horizontally and each frame is a rectangle 24mm tall x 36mm wide 3 5 7 1 1850s telephoto lenses Petzval Portrait Lens 2 1890s anastigmatic lenses corrects for all aberrations 3 1925 35mm camera Leica I 4 1932 photoelectric meter diffraction limited 5 1930s zoom lenses for cinema Cooke Vario 40 120mm 6 1960s zoom lenses for still cameras 8 7 1981 autofocus SLR Pentax ME F Marc Levoy Digital photography 640 480 9 1 5 Mpix 1994 mass market digital camera Apple QuickTake 1992 digital SLR Nikon Kodak DCS 200 1990 Photoshop 1 0 Marc Levoy Popularization of photography the Kodak camera was cheap portable and easy to use photography became casual spontaneous and popular concentrated on documenting everyday life word snapshot invented by Herschel privacy became an issue it still is women started taking pictures so subjects changed 10 before George Eastman photographers were skilled photographs were posed and images were crafted Walter Benjamin The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction 1935 Marc Levoy Documenting the growth of America Archives view in 1906 11 Dome of the U S capitol photographer unknown 1857 Marc Levoy Documenting the growth of America Archives view in 1884 12 Washington Monument photographer unknown 1876 Marc Levoy Documenting the growth of America Frizot 13 Railroad viaduct Ithaca photographer unknown 1873 Marc Levoy The push west Archives 14 Oklahoma photographer unknown 1893 Marc Levoy wikipedia The end of the frontier Archives 15 Opening the Cherokee Strip W A Flower 1893 Marc Levoy Photography as proof of achievement 16 First Flight Kitty Hawk 1903 photographed by John Daniels Marc Levoy Industry and commerce Archives 17 Waterfront at St Louis photographer unknown 1909 Marc Levoy Gigantic undertakings after completion mid 1880s 18 Brooklyn Bridge 1881 Marc Levoy Gigantic undertakings fully assembled in Paris 19 Statue of Liberty in Bartholdi s Parisian workshop 1882 Marc Levoy Gigantic undertakings 20 Marc Levoy Gigantic undertakings 21 Marc Levoy Gigantic undertakings 22 Marc Levoy Gigantic undertakings 23 Marc Levoy Gigantic undertakings 24 Marc Levoy Gigantic undertakings Gustave Eiffel The Eiffel Tower 1889 25 Marc Levoy Some projects were almost too gigantic Archives 26 Panama Canal Miraflores Locks photographed by Ernest Hallen 1913 Marc Levoy The ship Lord Templeton traverses the Panama Canal s Culebra Cut 1915 The bark Passat in heavy seas while rounding Cape Horn photographed by Capt H Piening Port Blakeley Mill Company Dock Puget Sound photographed by Wilhelm Hester 1905 Aerial photography from balloons from tall buildings from airplanes from space James Wallace Black Boston from the Air 1860 30 Rosenblum Marc Levoy Rosenblum Berenice Abbott New York at Night 1933 Tall buildings 32 Chrysler Building 1930 William van Alen architect Margaret Bourke White atop the Chrysler Building Marc Levoy Tall buildings 33 Chrysler Building 1930 William van Alen architect Burj Khalifa Dubai 2010 tallest structure in world 2717 Marc Levoy The industrial aesthetic in photography Newhall Charles Sheeler Ford Plant Detroit 1927 34 Marc Levoy The industrial aesthetic in photography Gardner 35 Charles Sheeler The Upper Deck 1929 Marc Levoy Lewis Hine Powerhouse Mechanic 1925 Margaret Bourke White Fort Peck Dam 1936 Scientific uses of photography 39 aerial photography already shown freezing motion the birth of cinematography Marc Levoy Muybridge and Stanford Eadweard Muybridge 1830 1904 40 Stanford magazine Leland Stanford 1824 1893 In a galloping horse are all four hooves in the air at once collaborative effort Stanford suggested using trigger wires experiments spanned 1872 1878 in Palo Alto Sacramento