Biology 311 Human Genetics Fall 2006 Chap 1 Outline and Study Questions Based on Strachan and Read 2005 Human Molecular Genetics third edition Chap 1 Outline 1 DNA and RNA Structure of bases nomenclature 2 Proteins Structure of amino acids Chemical nature of side chains 3 DNA double helix Features complementary antiparallel hydrogen bonding 4 DNA replication Semi conservative model Okazaki fragments Enzymes 5 Gene expression Transcription Translation Colinearity of gene and protein 6 Eukaryotic transcription Promoters Enhancers Silencers Transcription factors 7 RNA processing GT AG rule Branch site Splicesome Capping Polyadenylation 8 Translation Ribosomes Genetic code Wobble hypothesis 9 Post translational modifications Carbohydrate groups Lipid groups Proteolytic cleavage Secretion export 10 Protein secondary and tertiary structure Study Questions Review of molecular biology 20 points 1 Please print out your brief but complete answers to these questions on separate pages and hand in Monday Aug 28 in class 1 How are the purine bases chemically different from pyrimidine bases 2 Distinguish between the following terms base nucleoside nucleotide and give an example of each You may use chemical structures to illustrate your answer 3 Compare the chemical structures of a basic amino acid such as lysine and an acidic amino acid such as glutamic acid Show the charges on the side chains at pH 7 4 Compare the chemical structure of a small non polar amino acid such as alanine to one with a bulky hydrocarbon side chain such as isoleucine What kind of chemical interactions are non polar side chains involved in 5 Which amino acids contain sulfur Which contain hydroxyl OH groups Which contain amide groups 6 For each of the following weak bonds hydrogen ionic Van der Waals hydrophobic forces briefly indicate what sort of interaction is involved and illustrate how they may contribute to the secondary or tertiary structure of a protein 7 Distinguish between A DNA B DNA and Z DNA Which structure did Watson and Crick devise a model for Which structures did Rosalind Franklin provide Xray evidence for 8 Briefly explain how the following terms pertain to the structure of DNA antiparallel 5 end 3 end complementary major groove minor groove 9 How do the following terms pertain to DNA replication semi conservative model Okazaki fragments leading strand lagging strand 10 What are the roles of the following proteins in DNA replication Topoisomerase helicase DNA polymerases primase ligase single stranded binding protein 11 How do the following terms relate to the process of transcription initiator nucleotide template strand sense strand antisense strand upstream sequences downstream sequences transcription factors promoter 12 What critical information is required in a eukaryotic gene to enable splicing to occur Distinguish between splicing capping and polyadenylation in eukaryotic gene expression 2 13 How was the genetic code deduced What is meant by the following terms triplet code codon anticodon degenerate wobble pairing reading frame 5 UTR 3 UTR 14 What is meant by each of the following protein modifications phosphorylation acetylation N glycosylation myristoylation cleavage of signal sequence 15 Distinguish between the following features of protein structure helix pleated sheet disulfide bridges hydrogen bonds protein domains 3