Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/i4710id.htmlNathan06 May 2008Tyrannid Flycatchers As Indicators Of Habitat QualityVermilion Flycatcher(Pyrocephalus rubinus)http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Vermilion_Flycatcher.htmlhttp://www.backfromthebrink.org/speciesimages/5/2_southwestern_willow_flycatcher.jpg&imgrefurlhttp://www.backfromthebrink.org/speciesimages/5/1_southwestern_willow_flycatcher.jpg&imgrefurl=http://identify.whatbird.com/img/4/1069/image.aspxSouthwestern Willow Flycatcher(Empidonax traillii extimus)(Sogge et al. 1997)Sogge et al. 1997Figure 1. Breeding ranges of the willow flycatcher subspecies. Adapted from Unit 1987 and Browning 1993.Technical Report NPS/NAUCPRS/NRTR-97/12 (Sogge 1997)http://www.southwestbirders.com/SS_121501/vermilion%20flycatcher_006s.jpghttp://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Vermilion_Flycatcher_dtl.html#map-13 subspecies recognized(USGS Patuxent)-1 Extinct (B. of North Amer.)http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i4710id.htmlRange of Vermilion Flycatcherhttp://identify.whatbird.com/img/4/1180/image.aspxSan Pedro River, Arizonahttp://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/Flycatchers.htmlMethodsStandard survey protocol: -Permits-Training Workshops-Standard Techniques and Routine Surveys-Capturing, Banding, Observations-GIS/Remote Sensinghttp://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/Photos/Flycatchers/VEFL4.jpgLarge Scale Regional SurveysEPA Forest Health Monitoring Unit (FHM) -Triangular Grid of 40-km^2 hexagons -Spacing of 27.1 km between centers of the hexagons -Observed species rather than the number of individuals -Types of bird species observed in similar behaviors were also grouped together for some statistical analyses(Canterbury 2000).http://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/Photos/Flycatchers/VEFL12.jpgResults-Presence of canopy nesters and shrubland assemblage groups increased with canopy cover, while habitat generalists and forest edge assemblages showed no consistent trend in regard to canopy cover-Numbers of granivores and bark-foraging insectivores had the greatest response to habitat disturbance levels-The index derived was an attempt at a broad-based indicator of how much a population or community has been affected by disturbance (Canterbury 2000).http://www.arthurgrosset.com/sabirds/photos/pyrrub24833.jpg-Several papers have been written criticizing the use of the indicator species concept, because "individual species do not necessarily reflect trends in other co-occurring species," and can furthermore "respond independently to environmental variation" (Canterbury 2000)Lower San Pedro Riverhttp://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/endspp/protocols/SWWF%202004.pdfDiscussionThe ultimate measure of habitat suitability is not simply whether or not a site isoccupied. Suitable habitats are those in which flycatcher reproductive success andsurvivorship results in a stable or growing population. Without long-term data showing which sites have stable or growing populations, we cannot determine which habitats are suitable or optimal for breeding southwestern willow flycatchers. (Sogge et al. 1997)http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/i4710id.htmlAcknowledgementsThank you to Glenn Johnson for helping me to identify the important aspects of this topic, and also for his instruction in field techniques. My deep gratitude goes to Dr. Charles von Riper, III for his support in directing me to relevant sources of information.Literature Citedhttp://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/i4710id.htmlhttp://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/endspp/protocols/SWWF%202004.pdfhttp://www.arthurgrosset.com/sabirds/photos/pyrrub24833.jpghttp://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/Photos/Flycatchers/VEFL12.jpghttp://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/Photos/Flycatchers/VEFL4.jpghttp://identify.whatbird.com/img/4/1180/image.aspxhttp://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/Flycatchers.htmlhttp://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i4710id.htmlhttp://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Vermilion_Flycatcher_dtl.html#maphttp://www.southwestbirders.com/SS_121501/vermilion%20flycatcher_006s.jpghttp://www.backfromthebrink.org/speciesimages/5/2_southwestern_willow_flycatcher.jpg&imgrefurlLiterature Citedhttp://www.backfromthebrink.org/speciesimages/5/1_southwestern_willow_flycatcher.jpg&imgrefurl=http://identify.whatbird.com/img/4/1069/image.aspxhttp://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Vermilion_Flycatcher.htmlhttp://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/i4710id.htmlTechnical Report NPS/NAUCPRS/NRTR-97/12 (Sogge 1997)Canterbury et al.