Sample TestGenSci 102 Final ExamEnvironment: EarthThe Earth Doesn’t Have anEnvironmental ProblemName: Date: L. S. FichterDepartment of Geology and Environmental ScienceJames Madison UniversityWrite Your People Soft (Not Social Security) Numberon the Scantron CardDO NOT OPEN THE TESTUNTIL EVERY ONE IS SETTLED AND READY TO STARTThis is a CLOSED NOTE/CLOSED BOOK TEST. You may havenothing with you while taking it except writing materials. INSTRUCTIONS FOR TESTSL Note that your test score is not your test grade. Check with the posted curve to convert your testscore into a grade.L Timing: you have exactly the class time to take the test, no more.L The questions are a mixture of True/False or Multiple Choice.L Drawing, diagrams, figures required for certain questions are often at the back of the test. You maypull that sheet off to make it easier to answer questions.L Different questions may have different values, as indicated with each set of questions. L Multiple choice questions may have 3, 4, 5, or as many as 20 choices. When there are more than 5choices they are distributed among more than one question number, as below. These questionsare always placed in a box to indicate that they belong together to answer one question, as in theexample below.L Unlike other Scantron tests given on campus, many or most questions on these tests must be leftblank to have a correct answer. Often on other tests a blank row means a wrong answer. That isnot true here. For example, the 15 choices below require only one answer, so at least two rowsmust be left blank.L Some multiple choice questions may have more than one answer scattered among the 15 to 20choices available. This means that some rows may have more than one answer chosen, whileanother row may have no answers chosen. This is normal on these tests.Feature A on the cross section is identified by which ONE of the terms; leave the other 14 blank.1. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E2. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E3. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3EL Wrong spellings are not part of the test. I do not deliberately make minor , or try to be confusing orambiguous. If something seems strange assume it is an honest mistake and answer the question asbest you can.L However, questions may be subtle and complex, read them carefully.2FINAL EXAM - EARTH HAS NO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM SAMPLE TESTNote that your grade for the test will be based on a curve drawn over the distribution ofraw scores. I draw the curve by hand, but have no need to have a specific percentage of A’s,B’s, C’s etc. In fact, I would like everyone to do well, but will draw the most fair curve I canbased on how everyone in the class does. I ignore the computer generated percentages.Your total score will be sent to you via e-mail. The total score is not your grade, but I wille-mail the curve ranges to you so you have an idea how you did. Multiple Choice questions are worth 3 points,Except where noted otherwise; All True/False are worth 2 point. Questions are more or less in the order of class presentationPP21 - Environmental Changes: Glaciations1. T/F. As the energy from the sun has increased with time, glaciation events have become less frequentand less intense with geologic time.2. T/F. Carbon dioxide is the principle greenhouse gas because it is about 21 times more efficient attrapping infrared heat than any of the other greenhouse gasses.3. T/F. Carbon dioxide has steadily declined at a uniform rate in the Earth’s atmosphere over geologic timeas photosynthesizing organisms have become more widespread.4. T/F. The Snowball Earth glaciation was initiated by a runaway positive feedback loop that started withweathering, that sucked down CO2, that cooled the Earth, that lead to ice formation, that led toincreasing albedo, that led to increased cooling, and so on.5. T/F. Because the Pleistocene glaciation is the most recent one, we understand better than for the otherswhy it started.PP22 - Environmental Changes: Sea Level 6. T/F. Sea level is more highly influenced by glaciation events (advance and retreat of glaciers) than theyare by tectonics (Wilson and supercontinent cycles).7. T/F. Sea level has peaked at maximum high stand three times in the past 600 million years, but todaywe are near one of the lowest sea level stands.8. T/F. The Black Sea region is a freshwater lake farming valley drowned in less than a year by acatastrophic flood emanating from a sea level rise in the Atlantic ocean about 5500 years ago (7500before present). 9. T/F. Sea level has dropped low enough in the past 10 million years that the Mediterranean sea becameisolated from the world’s oceans, and completely dried out so one could walk from Italy to Africawithout getting wet.PP23 - Environmental Changes: Extinctions 10. T/F. Before the Pleistocene megafaunal extinction 12,000 years ago North America was like modernEast Africa with large herds of horses, camels, rhinos, pigs, elephants and mastodons roamingacross the entire continent.11. T/F. The Pleistocene megafaunal extinction is an example of a Field of Bullets extinction: randomextinction without regard to differences of fitness.12. T/F. The extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous has an exotic cause, as evidenced bythe iridium layer, that is rare on earth but common in meteorites.13. T/F. The Permian extinction is like a “perfect storm” of positive feedback triggered by a quick pulseof massive volcanism in Siberia that eventually let to a rapid drop in atmospheric oxygen thatasphyxiated about 90% of the species on the planet.3FINAL EXAM - EARTH HAS NO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM SAMPLE TESTPP24 - Attractors, Hysteresis, and Bistable Behavior 14. T/F. Strange attractors are called strange primarilybecause they produce patterns in phase spacewith no easily recognizable form, like the timeseries diagram to the right.15. T/F. Phase space differs from real space primarily inthe fact that time is no longer a variable in thedata.16. T/F. The time series to the right would plot in phasespace as a strange attractor.Multiple Choice:In the Hysteresis diagram to the right, the system issensitive dependent (at the tipping point) at which point(more than 1).17. A, B, C, D, E In the Hysteresis diagram to the right, the system isbecomes increasingly unstable from (one choice):18. A = A º B, B = B º A,C = B º D,D = D º E,E = B º EAt location C on the hysteresis diagram