Sedimentary Rock Origins and ClassificationMinerals and Rocks(and everything else)Are StableOnly Under the Conditions At Which They FormOur Core PrincipleChange the Conditions and They Must Change Alsohttp://www.homepage.montana.edu/~ueswl/images/theilinpike.gifSelected Igneous Rock Locations of the United StatesOur Core PrincipleOur Core PrincipleWith weathering the two major sources of energy are:TectonicSolarBiologicalChemicalInitial molten state + Radioactive heat + its counter force, gravityHeat causes things to expand which causes them to moveHeat from the sunHeat warms the air and water, setting up different pressures which causes them to move.Inorganic reactions, of which there are many, many, many – some of which we need to understand Organic chemistry, plus biological modifications of environmentsThe Simple Ideal Model of Sedimentary Rock EvolutionFractionation ProcessesAt the Earth’s SurfaceP 128The Simple Ideal Model for the Evolution of Sedimentary RocksAverage ContinentalIgneous RockGranodioriteComplete Weathering3 Mixed WeatheringProductsQtzSandQuartz SandClayKaoliniteDissol.CalciteCalciteSeparation DuringTransportationThe Simple Ideal Model for the Evolution of Sedimentary RocksThe Simple Ideal Model for the Evolution of Sedimentary Rockshttp://www.nku.edu/~biosci/CostaRica2003/Punta%20Marenco/Day3/CR%20SanJose%20to%20PM.htmThe Simple Ideal Model for the Evolution of Sedimentary Rockshttp://www.nps.gov/olym/elwha/photos/elwhamouth.htmThe Simple Ideal Model for the Evolution of Sedimentary Rockshttp://www.serf.tamus.edu/ResearchProjects/TexasInletsOnline/BrazosRiverMouth/Brazos%20River%20Main.htmThe Simple Ideal Model for the Evolution of Sedimentary RocksQtzSandClay CalciteSeparation DuringTransportationBeachNear Shelf Far ShelfQtz. SandstoneShaleLimestoneThe Simple Ideal Model for the Evolution of Sedimentary Rockshttp://www.serf.tamus.edu/ResearchProjects/TexasInletsOnline/BrazosRiverMouth/Brazos%20River%20Main.htmTapeats Qtz ssBright Angle ShaleMuav LimestoneMiddle Cambrian - 510http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.htmlBegin first major sea level riseLate Cambrian - 500http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.htmlEarly Ordovician - 485http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.htmlTranscontinental ArchAntietamWeathering ProcessesMechanical Weathering• Making little pieces out of big ones.• Composition of original rocks does not change.• Result: lithic fragmentsChemical Weathering• Original minerals chemically break down.• Result: formation of new minerals stable at Earth-surface conditions.http:faculty.uaeu.ac.ae~afarragphysical%20geologywMechanical WeatheringFrost Wedging via Freeze and Thawhttp://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/hudson/grg301c/hudson_grg_301c/schedule/4_water_geomorph_images/10_weathering/2.htmMechanical WeatheringFrost Wedging via Freeze and Thawhttp://www.gly.fsu.edu/%7Esalters/GLY1000/10Weathering_Erosion/Slide27.jpgMechanical WeatheringFrost Wedging via Freeze and Thawhttp://www3.famille.ne.jp/~kazuo/SR-044.jpgMechanical WeatheringPlant Wedginghttp://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/acolvil/weathering.htmlMechanical WeatheringExfoliationhttp:www.gly.fsu.edu~saltersGLY100010Weathering_ErosioChemical Weathering• Original minerals chemically break down.• Result: formation of new minerals stable at Earth-surface conditions.Chemical WeatheringDissolutionCO2+ H2O H2CO3Carbonic AcidH2CO3H++ HCO3CaCO3 +H+Ca+++ 2 HCO3-DissolvedCalciumBicarbonateIonCalcite/Limestonehttp:edutel.musenet.org:8042gravenetimagescloseChemical WeatheringDissolution of Limestonehttp:web.mala.bc.cageoscapeKarst.htmChemical WeatheringDissolution of Limestonehttp:www.the-spa.comhanauergalleryLuraycChemical WeatheringDissolution of Limestonehttp:firupe.free.frGreecePhoto27g27The_KarChemical WeatheringDissolution of Limestonehttp:www.people.auckland.ac.nzFrancesClassical%20ArtClassical%20Architect.%20ScChemical WeatheringDissolution of Limestonehttp:www.people.auckland.ac.nzFrancesClassical%20ArtClassical%20Architect.%20SculptureErechtheionKaryatids.JPGhttp:www.calvin.eduacademicclaspathwaysdelphidaChemical WeatheringDissolution of LimestoneChemical WeatheringOxidation4 FeSiO3+ O2 + 8 H2O4 FeO(OH).nH2O + 4 SiO4LimoniteGoethitePyroxeneChemical WeatheringOxidationChemical WeatheringHydrolysisKAlSi3O8+ H2CO3 + 12 H2OOrthoclase2K++ 2HCO3-+ 5H4SiO4 + Kaolinite ClayDissolved Silica+ Al2Si2O5(OH) KAl3Si3O10(OH)http://faculty.uaeu.ac.ae/~afarrag/physical%20geology/physical5.htmChemical WeatheringHydrolysishttp://www.earthsci.gla.ac.uk/Holyrood7/Images/glacial/spweath.jpgView of the Salisbury Crags sill from the Radical Road. Looking northeast. Spheroidal weathering is best seen in the centre of the image. The field of view is approximately 4 m.Chemical WeatheringHydrolysishttp://epswww.unm.edu/facstaff/gmeyer/eps481/images/corestones.jpgChemical WeatheringHydrolysishttp://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/acolvil/weathering/spheroidal2.jpgChemical WeatheringHydrolysisMobility of Weathering ProductsVery MobileImmobileCa>Na>Mg>K>Si>Fe>AlFast WeatheringSlowWeatheringNoWeatheringThis provides the differences needed for fractionation and evolution to take place.Mobility of Weathering ProductsVery MobileImmobileCa>Na>Mg>K>Si>Fe>AlLateriteSoilBauxiteA Chemical Fractionation ProcessP 131Basic Question: compared to the igneous rocks they started as, is the composition of a clastic sedimentary rock higher on the reaction series, lower on the reaction series, or at the same place?The sea is saltySolubleSolubleThe sea is saltyClastic Rocks Carbonate RocksSolubleBasic Question: compared to the igneous rocks they started as, is the composition of a clastic sedimentary rocks higher on the reaction series, lower on the reaction series, or at the same place?Clastic sedimentary rocks (sandstones and shales) evolve.Fates of WeatheringProductsThe Simple Ideal Model for the Evolution of Sedimentary RocksAverage ContinentalIgneous RockGranodioriteComplete WeatheringMixed WeatheringProductsQtzSandQuartz SandClayClayCalciteCalciteSeparation DuringTransportationBeachNear Shelf Far ShelfSandstoneShaleLimestoneRock Mineral CationWeatheringProduceSedimentaryOutcomeGabbroDiroiteAlkaligraniteOlivinePyroxeneCa plagioclaseAmphiboleNa plagioclaseOrthoclaseQuartzFeMgCaFeMgNaKQuartzHematite/LimoniteCaCO3calciteCaSO4gypsumHematite/LimoniteNAClhaliteKaoliniteQuartzStains(yellow, brown,