Principals of Exposure Assessment, EOH 2504 Lecture 9, Chain of Causation Leading to Exposure to Contaminants from Surface WThe Chain of Causation: Regional Land and Water Management Problems to Tertiary Public Health, Social, and Economic OutcomesHolistic Water Management as it Relates to Exposure AssessmentCategory 1 Primary Regional Land and Water Management IssuesPrimary Category 1 Problems ContinuedCategory 2: Ecological Service LossesTable 3, Category 3: Water Contamination Problems Table 3, Category 3: Water Contamination Problems ContinuedCategory 4: Secondary Water Management Outcomes Category 4: Secondary Water Management Outcomes ContinuedCategory 5: Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and Economic Outcomes Category 5: Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and Economic Outcomes Continued Exposure to contaminants in water can occur via ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation routes. Common Water Contaminants Water Pathogen Example-Cryptosporidium parvum a human and animal intracellular parasiteCryptosporidiosis ContinuedPrincipals of Exposure Assessment, EOH 2504 Lecture 9, Chain of Causation Leading to Exposure to Contaminants from Surface Water and/or GroundwaterConrad Daniel Volz, DrPH, MPH [email protected] Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health http://www.pitt.edu/~cdv5/Director-Center for Healthy Environments and Communities http://www.chec.pitt.eduDirector, Environmental Health Risk Assessment Certificate Programhttp://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/interior.php?pageID=82The Chain of Causation: Regional Land and Water Management Problems to Tertiary Public Health, Social, and Economic OutcomesVolz, CD., 2007.How do water, land management, ecological and contamination issues interact to produce tertiary public health, medical, social and economic problems?Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, March, 2007Holistic Water Management as it Relates to Exposure Assessment♦ -The integration of traditional/non-traditional public health issues like:-stormwater drainage.-water quantity and quality.-combined and sanitary sewer overflows, wildcat sewers and failing on-lot systems.-watershed protection and associated development and transportation projects.-flooding.Figure 1, A Chain of Causation: Primary Land and Water-Related Issues to Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and EconomicOutcomesCategory 1: Primary Land and Water-Related IssuesCategory 2: Ecological ConsequencesCategory 3: Water Contamination ProblemsCategory 4: Secondary Water Management OutcomesCategory 5: Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and Economic OutcomesCategory 1 Primary Regional Land and Water Management Issues Sprawl  Lack of Coordinated Water/Land Management Management Plans Development in Headwaters and Critical Watersheds  Inappropriate Transportation Projects Fragmented State, Federal and Local Regulatory Regulatory Climate ♦ Aging/Inadequate Municipal Sewer Infrastructure Infrastructure ♦ Fragmentation of Water/Sewer AuthoritiesPrimary Category 1 Problems Continued♦ Legacy and Ongoing Industrial Pollution♦ Spills/ Accidental Releases of Toxic/Hazardous Substances♦ Treating Surface and Groundwater as Not Interconnected Interconnected ♦ Water Priced Low♦ Abandoned/Active Mines♦ Household Hazardous Waste♦ Municipal Infighting Over Development♦ Power Plant and Industrial Air Emissions /Deposition and and Transport in Water♦ Attitudes/Behaviors Concerning Unlimited Water UseFigure 1, A Chain of Causation: Primary Land and Water-Related Issues to Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and EconomicOutcomesCategory 1: Primary Land and Water-Related IssuesCategory 2: Ecological ConsequencesCategory 3: Water Contamination ProblemsCategory 4: Secondary Water Management OutcomesCategory 5: Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and Economic OutcomesCategory 2: Ecological Service Losses Wetland Loss / Riparian Habitat Loss  Deforestation Loss of Topsoil and Plant Cover Loss of Natural Drainage Patterns♦ Changes in Large River Flow Characteristics Decrease Reserve Farmland Decrease Groundwater Recharge Stream/Land Erosion  Algal Blooms and Fish Kills  Uptake of Contaminants in Biota/FoodwebFigure 1, A Chain of Causation: Primary Land and Water-Related Issues to Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and EconomicOutcomesCategory 1: Primary Land and Water-Related IssuesCategory 2: Ecological ConsequencesCategory 3: Water Contamination ProblemsCategory 4: Secondary Water Management OutcomesCategory 5: Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and Economic OutcomesTable 3, Category 3: Water Contamination Problems♦ High Turbidity/Dissolved Solids♦ First Stormsurge Toxic Materials♦ Impervious Topping Compounds♦ Nitrates♦ Low-High pH♦ Oil/Grease♦ Persistent Organic Compounds♦ Combined/ Sanitary Sewer Overflows♦ Increase in Pet Fecal Matter♦ Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels/High BODTable 3, Category 3: Water Contamination Problems ContinuedContinued♦ Acid Mine Drainage♦ Methylmercury♦ Organohalogen Compounds♦ Arsenic and Other Heavy MetalsFigure 1, A Chain of Causation: Primary Land and Water-Related Issues to Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and EconomicOutcomesCategory 1: Primary Land and Water-Related IssuesCategory 2: Ecological ConsequencesCategory 3: Water Contamination ProblemsCategory 4: Secondary Water Management OutcomesCategory 5: Tertiary Public Health, Social, Emotional and Economic OutcomesCategory 4: Secondary Water Management Outcomes♦ Increase Sediments in Surface Water ♦ Decreased Production Clean Surface/Groundwater Surface/Groundwater ♦ Habitat Loss/Fracture ♦ Increased Stormwater/ Snowmelt Runoff ♦ Increased Contaminant Loads Surface/Groundwater ♦ Flooding ♦ ↓Confined/Unconfined Aquifers/Storage Ability AbilityCategory 4: Secondary Water Management Outcomes Continued♦ Human Pathogens in Surface Water (Primary for for Recreation) ♦ Human Pathogens in Groundwater Increase Potential –Mine Blowouts♦ Consumption of Contaminated Fish♦ Human Exposure-♦ Carcinogens♦ Toxic Substances♦ Endocrine-Active SubstancesFigure 1, A Chain of Causation: Primary Land and Water-Related Issues