Lecture 1, Course Introduction-Review of Occupational/ Environmental Health-Regulations and History EOH 2504 - Principles of EOH 2504 - Principles of Environmental ExposureCourse DescriptionCourse Rationale Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives Continued:Course Objectives ContinuedCourse Objectives Continued:Course StructureText:Office HoursGrading:Syllabus Next ClassBackgroundFrom Gochfeld-Chronologic History of Occupational Medicine -20th CenturyScope of the Occupational Disease and Injury Problem in the United StatesWorldwide Problem of Silicosis as an Example of Worldwide Burden of Occupational DiseaseWorldwide Problem of Silicosis as an Example of Worldwide Burden of Occupational DiseaseSilicosis in the United StatesOccupational Safety and Health Administration http://www.osha.gov/ Occupational and Environmental Health Legislation- Offshoots of the Civil Rights and Anti-War MovementsThe National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH)Specific Functions of NIOSHFunctions of NIOSH continued.Additional NIOSH Functions Under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act of 1977Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Occupational and Environmental Health LegislationCERCLA continued.Occupational and Environmental Health LegislationClean Air Act of 1970Clean Water ActToxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976National Environmental Policy Act of 1969Lecture 1, Course Introduction-Review of Occupational/ Environmental Health-Regulations and HistoryEOH 2504 - Principles of Environmental Exposure• Course Director: Conrad (Dan) Volz, DrPH, MPH [email protected]•Bridgeside Point100 Technology DriveSuite 553, BRIDGPittsburgh, PA 15219-3130office 412-648-8541 cell 724-316-5408• Assistant Professor, Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health http://www.pitt.edu/~cdv5/• Director-Center for Healthy Environments and Communities http://www.chec.pitt.edu• Director, Environmental Health Risk Assessment Certificate Program http://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/interior.php?pageID=82#2• Office hours by appointment.EOH 2504 - Principles of Environmental Exposure• Who are you and why do you want to take Exposure Assessment?• Location and time: EOH 2504 -Principles of Environmental ExposureFall Term, 2009-2010 Tuesdays & Thursdays3-4:25 pm, Room A719 Crabtree Hall, GSPH .Course Description• We will explore the methods, models, concepts, calculations, statistics and theory necessary for the assessment of human and ecological exposure to contaminants and physical factors. Contaminants can include inorganic as well as organic species like elements, metals and metalloids, simple hydrocarbons, persistent organic pollutants (PCB’s, DDT). Physical factors include heat, and ionizing radiation. We will be particularly interested in understanding human exposure modes-inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion for toxic and carcinogenic substances-either through each mode separately or through each combination of exposure modes and also the modes of exposure for ionizing radiation-penetrating ionization paths or internal dose. We will explore the monitoring choices for exposure characterization including air personnel and area sampling, water and food sampling, soil and Superfund sampling and the use of human and ecological biomonitoring and biomarkers. Methodologies used to estimate exposure from these monitoring methods will be explored in depth. Students will be taught to understand the exposure sequence from source term, rate of release, transport through environmental media, concentration and mode's of exposure, internal dose and dose to specific organs. Finally ways to reduce exposure to both chemical contaminants and physical factors will be described.Course Rationale• Exposure assessment methodologies and concepts form the basic building blocks for the practice of environmental health. Accurate exposure assessment is necessary for the justification of appropriate concentrations of contaminants to be used in cell culture or basic toxicological studies, proper assessment of environmental health risk, connection of exposure to health outcomes in epidemiology studies and the development of engineering, institutional and administrative occupational or environmental controlsto contaminants from one or all modes of exposure or from physical factors.Course Objectives• The objectives of the course are to combine didactic teaching, reviews/presentations of actual exposure literature and case studies by students.• Understand standard occupational and environmental health hazards and appreciate the incremental policymaking protecting the public and workers, respectively.• Explain the term exposure assessment and identify all variables that can affect internal dose and thus health effect's including the source, source release rate, environmental media, media transport mechanisms, exposure scenarios, absorption, pharmacodynamics, elimination rates, population groups, special sub-population group dynamics.• Understand the modes of human and ecological exposure.Course Objectives Continued:• Explain the primary methods to assess airborne dusts, mists, fumes, gases and vapor concentrations to estimate exposure including area and personnel sampling.• Understand water-sampling methods for pathogens, metals and elements, and organic and inorganic compounds.• Apply EPA Exposure Guidelines for assessment of sites contaminated by regulated substances including soil sampling.• Explain the term biomonitoring in both humans and ecological species; understand what it can tell us concerning source identification and exposure mechanisms.• Explain the term biomarkers and what they can tell us about human and/or ecological exposure.Course Objectives Continued• Understand physical exposures including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and noise.• Explain the difference and significance of indoor versus outdoor environmental health exposures.• Apply appropriate statistical methodologies to the preparation for and analysis of human exposure.• Explain the importance of geographical information and spatial systems in the estimation of exposure, apply geostatistical analysis packages to estimate exposure, and risk and help explain environmental public health disease patterns.Course Objectives Continued:• Explain and prepare conceptual site models.• Identify and explain exposure categories that are emerging in importance such as