Summary of Structural and Functional Classifications of Joints: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and SynovialStructural ClassificationDescription Functional ClassificationExampleFibrous: No synovial cavity, bones held together by connective tissueSuture Articulating bones united by thin layer of dense irregular connective tissueSynarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthorosis (slightly moveable) Found between skull bones; some sutures replaced by synotosis(fuse to single bone)Syndesmosis Articulating bones united by more dense irregular connective tissue (usually a ligament)Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)Distal tibiofibular joint, tooth and socket of aveolar process (gomphosis)Interosseous MembraneArticulating bones united by substantial sheet of dense irregularconnective tissue Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable) Between diaphyses of tibia and fibula Cartilaginous: No synovial cavity, bones held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage Synchondrosis Connecting material: hyaline cartilage; becomes synotosis when bone elongation ceasesSynarthrosis (immoveable)Epiphyseal plate between diaphysis and epiphysis of a long boneSymphysis Connecting material; broad, flat disc of fibrocartilageAmphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)Pubic symphysis and intervertebral jointsSynovial: Synovialcavity, articular cartilage, articularcapsulePlane or Planar Articulated surfaces, flat or slightly curvedMany biaxial diarthroses (freelymoveable)- back and forth and sideto side movements. Some triaxial diarthroses: back and forth, side to side, rotation. Intercarpal, intertarsal, sternocostal (between sternum and 2nd-7th pairs of ribs), vertebrocostal jointsHinge Convex surface fits concave surfaceUniaxial diarthrosis: flexion-extensionKnee (modified hinge), elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal jointsPivot Rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligamentUniaxial diarthroses: rotationAtlanto-axial and radioulnar jointsCondyloid Oval-shaped projection fits into oval-shaped depressionBiaxial diarthroses: flexion-extension, abduction-adductionRadiocarpal and metacarpophalangealjoints Saddle Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped; articular surface of other bone “sits” in saddleBiaxial diarthroses: flexion-extension, abduction-adductionCarpometacarpal joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumbBall-and-Socket Ball-like surface fits into cuplike depressionTriaxial diarthrosis: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotationShoulder and hip