Chapter 61. What are the two types of bone and their main function?1) Compact: Strongest form, provides protection and support; has osteons, resists stress2) Spongy: Has trabeculae- helps bones resist stress without breaking; sight of hemopoiesis2. What is Paget’s disease of bone?Enlarged bones, excessive breakdown and disorganized remodeling, causes misshapen bones and pain, usually localized3. What are the four types of cells in bone tissue?Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts4. What are the main functions of the four types of cells in bone tissue?Osteogenic: Undergo cell division to develop into osteoblastsOsteoblasts: Bone-building cells; synthesize ECMOsteocytes: Mature bone cells- exchange nutrients and wastes with bloodOsteoclasts: Bone resorption; digest bone matrix, regulates blood calcium5. What are the eight types of fractures? 1. Open (compound): Broken end protrudes through the skin2. Closed (simple): Does not break the skin3. Comminuted: Bone is splintered, crushed, in pieces4. Greek stick: One side is broke, other bends 5. Impacted: One end of fractured bone is forcefully driven into another6. Potts: Fracture of fibula, injury to tibia7. Colles: Fracture of radius8. Stress: Series of microscopic fissures in bone6. What does red bone marrow produce?Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets7. Give the steps of repair of bone fractures? 1. Formation of fracture hematoma (clotted mass of blood forms)2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms- fibroblasts produce collagen fibers3. Bony callus formation- osteoblasts produce spongy bone 4. Bone remodeling- compact bone replaces spongy bone8. Be able to draw out and explain long bone anatomy.9. Explain gigantism and dwarfism.Caused by hGH (human growth hormone) secreted by the pituitary gland; gigantism = too much hGH; dwarfism = too little hGH10. Explain Ehlers-Danlos. Inherited disorder, extremely loose joints, hyper elastic skin, bruise easily, easily damage blood vessels11. Explain Osteogenesis Imperfecta.Congenital disease (present at birth), defect in gene that deals with collagen fibers, autosomal (only need one defective gene), weak bones (get a lot of breaks and fractures), below average height, early hearing loss (deafness)12. Explain Neurofibromatosis.Inherited condition, autosomal disorder, nerve tissues grow tumors and can cause damage to the nerves and tissues, tumors can cause hearing loss13. What does calcitonin do?Decrease blood calcium levels, secreted by thyroid gland to inhibit the activity of osteoclasts, promotes bone formation14. What are the six functions of bones and the skeletal system?1. Support2. Protection3. Assistance in movement4. Mineral homeostasis5. Blood cell production6. Triglyceride storage15. What is calcification?A bone-building process where mineral salts are deposited and crystallize in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the ECM.16. What are the two types of bone formation in an embryo?1. Intramembraneous: ‘Soft spots’ in the fetal skull2. Endochondral: Replacement of cartilage by bone 17. What are the two major events in longitudinal growth of bone?1. Growth of cartilage on epiphyseal plate2. Replacement of cartilage by bone tissue in the epiphyseal plate 18. What can happen if there is not a balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts? (3 things)1. Bones can become abnormally thick and heavy2. Excessive loss of calcium weakens bones3. May become too flexible19. Know the components of osteons and trabeculae.20. What do the periosteal arteries and epiphyseal veins do?Periosteal arteries: Supply periosteum and compact bone with bloodEpiphyseal veins: Carry blood away from long bones21. What is ossification? What are the four forms?Ossification: Process by which bone is formed 1. Formation in an embryo2. Growth of bones until adulthood3. Remodeling4. Repair22. What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?1. Regulates calcium exchange between blood and bone tissue2. Increases number and activity of osteoclasts3. Decrease loss of calcium in urine4. Stimulates formation in calcitrol23. What do IGF’s do? What produces them?1. Stimulates osteoblasts, promote cell division2. Epiphyseal plate, enhance protein synthesis3. Liver produces IGF’s24. How do bones support and protect?1. Support soft tissues2. Provides attachment points3. Cranium protects brain4. Vertebrae protect spinal cord5. Ribs protect lungs and heart25. What happens to bones under stress? Unstressed bones? 1. Stressed: Bone tissue becomes stronger through mineral salts deposits and production of collagen fibers2. Unstressed: Diminish- loss of bone materials and collagen fibers26. What do estrogen and testosterone do?1. Cause sudden ‘growth spurt’ that occurs during the teenage years 2. Changes in females- widening of the pelvis3. Shut down growth at epiphyseal plate 27. What are the two principal effects of aging on bone tissue?1. Loss of bone mass- result from loss of calcium (osteoporosis)2. Brittleness- decreased rate of protein synthesis (less collagen fibers)28. Explain Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.“Stone man syndrome”, disease of the connective tissue, mutation in the body’s repair mechanism that causes tissue to be ossified 29. Explain Scurvy.Severe lack of vitamin C (required for synthesis of collagen), weakness, anemia, gum disease, skin hemorrhages30. Explain Ricketts. Softening of bones, lack of vitamin D and calcium phosphate, legs bow outChapter 71. What are the eight cranial bones?Frontal bone, parietal bones (2), temporal bones (2), occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone2. What are the two types of bones of the skull?Cranial (8) and facial (14)3. What are the two types of major surface markings?1. Depressions and openings2. Processes4. Which bone of the skeleton doesn’t articulate with any other bone?Hyoid5. What bone forms the upper jaw bone and form most of the blood palate?Maxillae6. Which facial bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum?Vomer7. What is the largest, strongest, facial bone?Mandible- only moveable skull bone8. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?1. Axial- bones that lie around the longitudinal axis2. Appendicular- extremities (upper and lower limbs)9. What divides the interior of the nasal cavity into left and right sides?Nasal Septum10. How many curves are in the adult vertebral column and what are their names?Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral11. Which ribs are directly attached to the sternum?Ribs 1-7 12.