CRISES OF A PLANET - GEOL 108FINAL EXAM TEST BANKUncertain answer at first *: answer confirmedA. TRUE/FALSE (2 points each) Designate which statements are TRUE or FALSE by filling in the A (true) or B (false) blank on the SCANTRON answer sheet.1. *The rise of the Alps and Himalaya Mountains at 40 to 60 million years ago contributed to cooling of the planet. √2. *The advance of an ice age will induce decreased stream erosion due to the withholding of water in the growing polar ice caps. ×3. *Aretes are large U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers. ×4. *Aretes are sharp ridges eroded by glaciers. √5. *Glacial crevasses often extend down to the bottom portion of a glacier exposing polished bedrock. ×6. *The upper portions of glaciers move by brittle flow resulting in the formation of crevasses. √7. *Following the last ice age, continental areas once depressed by the weight of the vast amounts of ice are still rising today by the process of isostatic rebound. √8. *The only significant period of glaciation on the Earth was during the Pleistocene. ×9. *Glacial erratic refers to the disrupted nature of landforms left from glacial retreat. ×10. *Horns are a common erosional feature of continental glaciation. ×11. *Glacial ice moves downhill even during times of glacial retreat. √ 12. *Glacial ice moves uphill during times of glacial retreat. ×13. *Hanging valleys result from uplift of old glacial valleys. ×14. The existence of fiords is evidence that glaciers can erode well below sea level. √15. *The Pleistocene Ice Age reflects the gradual, long-term cooling of the Earth over geologic time. ×16. *Chlorofluorocarbons release dangerous levels of fluorine and chlorine forming acid rain. ×17. *Chlorofluorocarbons and methyl bromide breakdown in the upper atmosphere releasing Cl and Br, respectively, which in turn destroy ozone. √18. *Upper atmospheric ozone is created by lightning. ×19. *Upper atmospheric ozone accumulates from smog that rises from near the ground. ×20. *Sand accumulated on the north side of a groin indicates that the direction of longshore drift is to the north. ×21. Ocean waves that have a long wavelength will generate surf farther from shore than those with a short wavelength. √22. *Rising sea level causes barrier islands to shift their position landward. √23. *Marine terraces, such as those of Palos Verdes, are uplifted depositional land forms. × erosional24. *Marine terraces, such as those of Palos Verdes, are indications of uplift or lowering of sea level. √25. *Sea stacks result from "hot spot" volcanic activity along shorelines. ×26. *Sea stacks represent erosional remnants following sea cliff retreat. √27. *The fact that the Hawaiian Islands young to the southeast indicates that the Pacific Plate is moving in the opposite direction. √28. *The fact that the Hawaiian Islands young to the southeast indicates that the Pacific Plate is moving in the same direction. × 29. *If an island chain youngs to the south, the indicates is that the plate is moving to the opposite direction. √30. *The difference between a seamount and an atoll is that the latter supports coral growth; bothrepresent submerged, usually extinct volcanoes. √31. *Spits form from the accumulation of sand in coastal sand dunes. ×32. *Most waves are generated by ocean currents interacting with the continental margin. ×wind33. *Breakers begin to develop where the wavebase intersects the ocean floor. √34. *Sea cliff retreat occurs by the combined forces of wave erosion and mass wasting. √35. *The greater the angle of waves to shore (i.e., not parallel to the shoreline), the greater the amount of longshore current. √36. *The motion of particles suspended in waves increases with depth. ×37. *Beaches are delicately balanced and unnatural modification can cause severe disruption to the stability of coastal landforms. √38. *Longshore currents are constant in direction all year. ×39. *A typical rate for groundwater advance is 5-15 km per day. ×40. *Sink holes form from phreatic explosions. ×41. *Most of the world's fresh water lies in underground lakes and streams. ×42. *Freshwater is far less abundant in surface streams and lakes than it is underground. √43. *Excluding that locked in the polar ice caps, most of the world's fresh water supply lies underground. √44. *The elevated temperatures of hot springs may result from either shallow level intrusions ofmagma or deep-seated passage of the water prior to its ascent to the surface. √45. *An aquiclude is a rock layer with low porosity such as shale. √46. *Caverns develop best in porous rocks such as sandstone and siltstone. ×47. *The depth to the groundwater table is less at topographic highs due to the rise of the table beneath hills. ×48. *Permeability is the pore space between the grains or crystals in a rock. ×49. *Potassium is a mineral found in some varieties of fruit. × mineral is solid50. *Sodium (Na) is a mineral found in sea water. ×251. Sulfide minerals oxidize during weathering and combine with water to leak sulfuric acid. ×52. *The United States presently has sufficient aluminum reserves precluding the need for importation. ×53. The United States presently has sufficient oil reserves precluding the need for oil importation. ×54. *The United States presently has very little or no deposits of aluminum and chromium. √55. *Hot springs are example of the hydrothermal environment. √56. *Aluminum is a mineral produced by weathering. ×57. *Petroleum is derived from the remains of marine life. √58. Dinosaur bones and petrified wood are examples of fossil fuels. ×59. All fossil fuels are expected to be exhausted in the next 100 years. ×60. *California derives most of its energy from natural gas, geothermal, and nuclear resources.×61. *One gram of the isotope 235Uranium is capable of releasing energy equal to 14 barrels of oil or 3 tons of coal. √62. *Uranium deposits occur in reducing (low oxygen) sedimentary environments. √63. Nuclear reactors utilize the process of fission. √64. Nuclear reactors utilize the process of fusion. ×65. *Manufactured gas is produced from petroleum. ×coal66. *Petroleum is derived from the fossil remains of land-based creatures. ×marine67. *Methyl hydrates occur as gas-rich crystalline ices in the Earth's deep mantle. × sea mud68. *Methyl hydrates are a new hydrocarbon resource found in arctic swamps. ×69. *Under oxidizing conditions,