Psych 56L/ Ling 51: Acquisition of LanguageAnnouncementsSounds of LanguageForget Spelling!One Sound - Many CharactersSlide 6One Character - Many SoundsOne Sound - Multiple LettersOne Letter - 0, 1, 2 SoundsDifferences across LanguagesInternational Phonetic AlphabetPowerPoint PresentationSlide 13Slide 14Major division: consonants vs vowelsDescribing Speech SoundsWhere does the air flow?Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28So far we have:Where is the air flow blocked?Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Manner - How the Air is FlowingFricatives & AffricatesWhat are the vocal folds doing?Voiced & Voiceless ConsonantsDescribing SoundsFeaturesSlide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59You can....So what vowels do you have?Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68So here they are!Some dialectal differencesCross-language DifferencesSlide 72Diphthongs: Two vowel-ish sounds togetherSlide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Speech Production - SummarySpeech PerceptionQuestions?Psych 56L/ Ling 51:Acquisition of LanguageLecture 6Phonological Development IAnnouncementsHomework 1 due Monday 10/20/08 in classSounds of LanguageQuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.Forget Spelling!Sounds ≠≠ SpellingOne Sound - Many Charactershe e seas eabelieve ie amoeba oeCaesar ae key eysee ee machine ipeople eo seize eiIInternational PPhonetic AAlphabet: [i]One Sound - Many Characterstoo oo threw ewto o lieu ieuclue ue shoe oethrough oughIPAIPA: [u]One Character - Many Soundsdame edad Qfather acall çvillage I, ´many EOne Sound - Multiple Lettersshoot Seither Dcharacter kdeal iThomas tphysics frough fOne Letter - 0, 1, 2 Soundsmmnemonicppsychologyresiggnghhostisslandwwholedebbtccute [kjkjuwt]= no sound!= 2 sounds!Differences across LanguagesEnglish: judge, juvenile, Jesus [dZ]Spanish: jugar, Jesus [h]German: Jugend, jubeln, Jesus [j]French: Jean, j’accuse, jambon [Z]International Phonetic AlphabetSounds: Speech ProductionHow you look to a phoneticianTonguePalateVelumGlottis(vocal folds)Lips, teeth etc.How you look to a phoneticianNasalCavityOralCavityMajor division: consonants vs vowelsConsonantal sounds: narrow or complete closure somewhere in the vocal tract. Vowels: very little obstruction in the vocal tract. Can form the basis of syllables (also possible for some consonants).Describing Speech SoundsWhere/how is the air flowing?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc.Where is the air-flow blocked?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.What are the vocal folds doing?voiced vs. voicelessWhere does the air flow?Your vocal tract againYour vocal tract againBlock it at the velumBlock it at the velumNNBlock it at the velumBlock it at the velumTongue againstTongue againstvelum againvelum againNow raise the velumNow raise the velumto block the air....to block the air....Now raise the velumNow raise the velumto block the air....to block the air....Quickly drop yourQuickly drop yourtongue again ...tongue again ...Quickly drop yourQuickly drop yourtongue again ...tongue again ...Where does the airWhere does the airgo this time?go this time?Where does the airWhere does the airgo this time?go this time?ggkkWhere does the airWhere does the airgo this time?go this time?So far we have:Nasal stop:Nasal stop: [N]Non-nasal (oral) stops:Non-nasal (oral) stops:[g] [k]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?(bi)labial(bi)labial[b] [p] [m][b] [p] [m]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?labiodentallabiodental[v] [f][v] [f]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?interdentalinterdental[D] [T][D] [T]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?alveolaralveolar[d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [®][d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [®]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?palatalpalatal[Z] [S°] [dZ] [tS]][Z] [S°] [dZ] [tS]]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?velarvelar[g] [k] [N][g] [k] [N]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?uvularuvularWhere is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?laryngeallaryngealWhere is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?Manner - How the Air is FlowingStops[p] [t] [k] [b] [d] [g] [m] [n] [N]Fricatives[f] [v] [T] [D] [s] [z][S][Z]Approximants/Glides[w] [j]Liquids[®] [l]Fricatives & AffricatesPalatal sounds [Z] [S] [dZ] [tS]Palatal Fricatives - [Z] [S][note: according to IPA chart these are strictly ‘post-alveolar’]Affricates - combination of stop + fricative - [dZ] [tS] , as in judge, churchWhat are the vocal folds doing?Voiced & Voiceless ConsonantsConsonants either voicedvoiced or voicelessvoiceless. English pairs: bb ppvv ffdd ttzz ssDD TTSS Z ZtStS dZ dZDescribing SoundsFeaturesWays of describing soundse.g., [t] = voiceless, alveolar, stopStronger claim: features are the smallest building blocks of language, used to store sounds in the mindAtoms of SpeechRoman Jakobson, 1896-1982Prediction: by combining a small number of atomic features, it should be possible to create a larger number of speech soundsGoal: a set of universal features should make it possible to describe the speech sounds of all of the languages of the worldDifferent languages choose different feature combinationsFeaturesbi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar glottal oral stop p b t d k g / nasal st op m n N fricative f v T ∂D s z S Z (h affrica te tS dZ liquid l r glide j „ w ®bi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar glottal oral stop p b t d k g / nasal st op m n N fricative ∏ B f v T ∂D s z S Z (h affricate tS dZ liquid l r glide j „ w “Fuji”“Cuba”???®bi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar glottal oral stop p b t d k g / nasal st op m n n) N fricative ∏ B f v T ∂D s z S Z (h affricate tS dZ liquid l r glide j „ w ??“año”®?? bi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar glottal oral stop p b t d k g / nasal st op m n n) N fricative ∏ B f v T ∂D s z S Z X F (h affricate tS dZ liquid l r glide j „ w ?“Bach”“agua”®?? bi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar