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Psych 56L/ Ling 51: Acquisition of LanguageAnnouncementsPrelinguistic “Speech” ProductionStages of Prespeech Vocal DevelopmentSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Is all babbling the same?Slide 11Processes underlying speech sound developmentSlide 13Slide 14Slide 15Prelinguistic Speech PerceptionInfants’ HearingSlide 18Studying Infant Speech PerceptionSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Categorical PerceptionSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Infant-directed speechThe nature of infant-directed speechHow motherese helpsHow motherese helps…adults?Why babies like mothereseProsodic BootstrappingBut not motherese for everyone…Phonological Development Once Speech BeginsWord LearningWord ProductionPhonological Process DevelopmentSlide 49Common Phonological Processes in Child SpeechSlide 51Why do they make these errors?Slide 53Recap: Sounds & WordsQuestions?Psych 56L/ Ling 51:Acquisition of LanguageLecture 7Phonological Development IIAnnouncementsIPA sound chart available on the class webpage (can use for midterm and homework)Homework 1 due today, by the end of classMistake from last lecture:The IPA for the English “r” sound is written ® (not r)Additional information not included in last lecture:The IPA for the English flapping consonant sound (heard in “water” and “butter”) is written RPrelinguistic “Speech” Production QuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.Stages of Prespeech Vocal DevelopmentNewborns make biologically-related sounds: reflexive crying, burping, breathing, suckingHelpful: infants’ vocal cords vibrate & airflow through the vocal apparatus is stopped and startedQuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.Stages of Prespeech Vocal DevelopmentAround 6-8 weeks: infants start cooing (sounds that result from being happy).First coos sound like one long vowel - but over many months, they acquire a variety of different vowel sounds.QuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.Stages of Prespeech Vocal DevelopmentAround 16-30 weeks: vocal play. Infants use a variety of different consonant-like and vowel-like sounds. At the end of this stage, infants form long combinations of the sounds (marginal babbling).Recognizable vowel sounds heard at the beginning, while recognizable consonant sounds (usually velars like k/g) are usually heard around 2-3 months. Recognizable consonant sounds occurring near the front of the mouth (n/m/p/b/d) come in around 6 months of age.QuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.Stages of Prespeech Vocal DevelopmentAround 6-9 months: canonical/reduplicated babbling, with actual syllables in the sounds produced (ex: [dadada]). These syllables are often repeated in a row.Social aspect: babies don’t give any indication that they’re babbling to communicate. They babble in the car and their crib, showing no sign that they expect any reply.Note: even deaf infants babble, but they tend to produce marginal babbling instead of canonical babbling.QuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.Stages of Prespeech Vocal DevelopmentAfter canonical babbling: nonreduplicated/variegated babbling, with non-repetitive syllables and more variety in consonant and vowel sounds. Infants also incorporate prosody (the rhythm of the language) into their babbling, which makes it sound much more like they’re trying to talk. However, the “words” in this kind of babbling are usually only 1 or 2 syllables.QuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.Stages of Prespeech Vocal Development0 weeksreflexive crying, biological-based sounds4 weeks cooing16 weeks vocal play begins36 weeks reduplicated/canonical babbling48 weeksnonreduplicated babblingFirst WordIs all babbling the same?Besides the differences between the vocal babbling of deaf children and non-deaf children, babies’ babbling is also influenced by the language they hear.How do we know? (1) Test competent native speakers.Record the babbling of babies who are learning to speak different languages (ex: French, Arabic, Chinese). See if native speakers can identify which baby’s babble is from their language (ex: asking French mothers to choose between Arabic babble and French babble as French.) De Boysson-Bardies, Sagart, and Durand (1984): recordings of 8-month-olds can be recognized by language.Is all babbling the same?Besides the differences between the vocal babbling of deaf children and non-deaf children, babies’ babbling is also influences by the language they hear.How do we know? (2) See if babbling features accord with language featuresDetermine which vowels and consonants appear in babbling, and how frequently they appear. Compare to target language’s vowels and consonants. (Can be subtle, though.)Ex: Japanese & French words contain more nasal sounds than Swedish and English words; Japanese & Swedish babbles contain more nasal sounds than Swedish & English babbles.Processes underlying speech sound developmentThree main factorsPhysical growth & development of the vocal tractDevelopment of brain & other neurological structures responsible for vocalizationExperienceProcesses underlying speech sound developmentPhysical growth & development of the vocal tractA newborn’s vocal tract is smaller & shaped differently from an adult’s. (Ex: The tongue fills the entire mouth, limiting range of motion.)As the facial skeleton grows, the tongue gets more room. This happens during the vocal play stage, and the exploration of this new vocal freedom may be the cause of the vocal play itself.Processes underlying speech sound developmentDevelopment of brain & other neurological structures responsible for vocalizationLater neurological developments in higher brain structures correlate with developments in vocalization.Ex: Onset of cooing at 6-8 weeks coincides with development of limbic system (associated with expression of emotion in both humans and other animals). Maturation of areas in the motor cortex may be required for the onset of canonical babbling.Processes underlying speech sound developmentExperienceExperience 1: Hearing the speech adults produce (influences the sounds children choose to babble and prosodic character of later babbling)Experience 2: Hearing their own vocal output (allows for calibration - matching what they produce to what they hear). Absence of auditory feedback may explain why deaf


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UCI PSYCH 56L - Lecture 7 Phonology 2

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