1Psych 56L/ Ling 51:Acquisition of LanguageLecture 6Phonological Development IAnnouncementsHomework 1 due Monday 10/20/08 in classSounds of LanguageForget Spelling!Sounds ≠≠ Spelling2One Sound - Many Charactershe e seas eabelieve ie amoeba oeCaesar ae key eysee ee machine ipeople eo seize eiIInternational PPhonetic AAlphabet: [i]One Sound - Many Characterstoo oo threw ewto o lieu ieuclue ue shoe oethrough oughIPAIPA: [u]One Character - Many Soundsdame edad Qfather acall çvillage I, ´many EOne Sound - Multiple Lettersshoot Seither Dcharacter kdeal iThomas tphysics frough f3One Letter - 0, 1, 2 Soundsmmnemonicppsychologyresiggnghhostisslandwwholedebbtccute [kjkjuwt]= no sound!= 2 sounds!Differences across LanguagesEnglish: judge, juvenile, Jesus [dZ]Spanish: jugar, Jesus [h]German: Jugend, jubeln, Jesus [j]French: Jean, j’accuse, jambon [Z]InternationalPhonetic AlphabetSounds: Speech Production4How you look to a phoneticianTonguePalateVelumGlottis(vocal folds)Lips, teeth etc.How you look to a phoneticianNasalCavityOralCavityMajor division: consonants vs vowelsConsonantal sounds: narrow or complete closuresomewhere in the vocal tract.Vowels: very little obstruction in the vocal tract. Can form thebasis of syllables (also possible for some consonants).Describing Speech SoundsWhere/how is the air flowing?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc.Where is the air-flow blocked?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.What are the vocal folds doing?voiced vs. voiceless5Where does the air flow?Your vocal tractYour vocal tract againagainBlock it at the velumBlock it at the velumNNBlock it at the velumBlock it at the velum6Tongue againstTongue againstvelum againvelum againNow raise the velumNow raise the velumto block the air....to block the air....Now raise the velumNow raise the velumto block the air....to block the air....Quickly drop yourQuickly drop yourtongue again ...tongue again ...7Quickly drop yourQuickly drop yourtongue again ...tongue again ...Where does the airWhere does the airgo this time?go this time?Where does the airWhere does the airgo this time?go this time?ggkkWhere does the airWhere does the airgo this time?go this time?8So far we have:Nasal stop:Nasal stop:[N]Non-nasal (oral) stops:Non-nasal (oral) stops:[g] [k]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?(bi)labial(bi)labial[b] [p] [m][b] [p] [m]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?9labiodentallabiodental[v] [f][v] [f]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?interdentalinterdental[D] [T][D] [T]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?alveolaralveolar[d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [®][d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [®]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?palatalpalatal[Z] [S°] [[Z] [S°] [dZdZ] [] [tStS]]]]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?10velarvelar[g] [k] [N][g] [k] [N]Where is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?uvularuvularWhere is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?laryngeallaryngealWhere is the air flow blocked?Where is the air flow blocked?Manner - How the Air is FlowingStops[p] [t] [k] [b] [d] [g] [m] [n] [N]Fricatives[f] [v] [T] [D] [s] [z][S][Z]Approximants/Glides[w] [j]Liquids[®] [l]11Fricatives & AffricatesPalatal sounds [Z] [S] [dZ] [tS]Palatal Fricatives - [Z] [S][note: according to IPA chart these are strictly ‘post-alveolar’]Affricates - combination of stop + fricative - [dZ] [tS] , as injudge, churchWhat are the vocal folds doing?Voiced & Voiceless ConsonantsConsonants either voicedvoiced or voicelessvoiceless.English pairs:bb ppvv ffdd ttzz ssDD TTSS Z ZtStS dZ dZDescribing Sounds12FeaturesWays of describing soundse.g., [t] = voiceless, alveolar, stopStronger claim: features are the smallest building blocks oflanguage, used to store sounds in the mindAtoms of SpeechRoman Jakobson, 1896-1982Prediction: by combining a small number of atomicfeatures, it should be possible to create a largernumber of speech soundsGoal: a set of universal features should make itpossible to describe the speech sounds of all of thelanguages of the worldDifferent languages choose different featurecombinationsFeatures bi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar glottal oral stop p b t d k g / nasal stop m n N fricative f v T ! D s z S Z (h affricate tS dZ liquid l r glide j „ w ® bi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar glottal oral stop p b t d k g / nasal stop m n N fricative ! B f v T " D s z S Z (h affricate tS dZ liquid l r glide j „ w “Fuji”“Cuba”???®13 bi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar glottal oral stop p b t d k g / nasal stop m n n) N fricative ! B f v T " D s z S Z (h affricate tS dZ liquid l r glide j „ w ??“año”®?? bi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar glottal oral stop p b t d k g / nasal stop m n n) N fricative ! B f v T " D s z S Z X F (h affricate tS dZ liquid l r glide j „ w ?“Bach”“agua”®?? bi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar glottal oral stop p b t d k g / nasal stop m n n) N fricative ! B f v T " D s z S Z X F (h affricate tS dZ liquid l r ¥ glide j „ w “caballo”® bi-labial labio-dental inter-dental al- veolar palatal velar glottal oral stop p b t d k g / nasal stop m n n)n) N fricative !! BB f v T " D s z S Z XX FF (h affricate tS dZ liquid l r ¥¥ glide j „ w ®14What can you do to alter the shapeof your vocal tract?[i]15[Q][I][u]You can....(1) Raise or lower your tongue(2) Advance or retract your tongue(3) Round or spread your lips(4) Tense or not tense your mouth16So what vowels do you have?i“sheep, sleep”I“ship, slip”So what vowels do you have?iIe“laid, spade, trade”E“led, sped, tread”So what vowels do you have?iIeEQ“bat, lad”So what vowels do you have?u“Luke, whoʼd, suit”U“look, hood, soot”iIeEQ17So what vowels do you have?o“coat, wrote, hoed”ç“caught, wrought, hawed”IeEQuUiSo what vowels do you have?a“bah, father, cot, Don”oçuUIeEQiSo what vowels do you have?√“but, putt, rut”aoçuUIeEQiSo what vowels do you have?´“metallic,