1/25/10 1 Personality Psychology Psychology 370 Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. Professor California State University, Northridge CHAPTER TWO Freud: Classical Psychoanalysis Class Activity ! Answer Freudian Principle Statements based on WHAT Freud would consider true. ! Review Answers with Class ! Continue Lecture / Discussion Chapter Overview  The Unconscious  Psychic Determinism  Levels of Consciousness  Effects of Unconscious Motivation  Origin and Nature of the Unconscious  Structures of the Personality  The Id  The Ego  The Superego  Intrapsychic Conflict  Energy Hypothesis  Anxiety  Defense Mechanisms  Sublimation  Empirical Studies of Defenses Chapter Overview Cont.  Personality Development  The Five Psychosexual Stages  Psychoanalytic Treatment  Psychoanalytic Therapy Techniques  The Recovered Memory Controversy  Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory  Silverman's Experiments  Unconscious Cognition  Unconscious Influences and the Body “In Confession the sinner tells what he knows; in analysis the neurotic has to tell more.” (Sigmund Freud, The question of Lay Analysis) "An ego thus educated has become reasonable; it no longer lets itself be governed by the pleasure principle, but obeys the reality principle, which also at bottom seeks to obtain pleasure, but pleasure which is assured through taking account of reality, even though it is pleasure postponed and diminished" (Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures 16.357). QUOTATIONS1/25/10 2 Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud  The “father of psychoanalysis”  Born (1856) in Freiberg, Moravia into a Jewish family  Moved at the age of 4 to Vienna  Medical school, University of Vienna  Published in 1900, Interpretation of Dreams  Visits the US for two weeks in 1909  Leaves Vienna in 1938 due to Nazi aggression  Dies in London in 1939 The Unconscious  The Unconscious  Psychic Determinism  Levels of Consciousness  Effects of Unconscious Motivation  Origin and Nature of the Unconscious Psychic Determinism • proposes that underlying psychological factors cause symptoms and other behavior • includes (for example) the impact of traumatic events as causes of psychopathology Psychic Determinism Freud’s theory and its application in therapy  the theory described in this chapter, which investigates (analyzes) the unconscious  form of therapy that involves exploration of the unconscious Psychoanalysis: Examples:1/25/10 3 Levels of Consciousness conscious preconscious unconscious Our mind is like an iceberg The majority of our psyche is beneath the surface Effects of Unconscious Motivation  physical symptoms  Conversion hysteria: form of neurosis in which psychological conflicts are expressed in physical symptoms  Hypnosis  highly suggestible state, suggestions of the hypnotist influence the experience and the recall  Psychosis  irrationality of the unconscious  hallucinations Effects of Unconscious Motivation  Dreams  “the royal road to the unconscious”  manifest content (recalled story)  latent content (interpretation)  psychopathology of everyday life  Freudian slips, determined by the unconscious  Humor  We find jokes funny if they provide a safe release for unconscious conflicts  projective tests  The TAT  The Rorschach Origin and Nature of the Unconscious  Repression  personal experience  hedonic hypothesis Structures of the Personality Structures of the Personality1/25/10 4 Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development ID ! Id uses two basic techniques to reduce tension:  Reflex Action and Primary Process ! At most primitive level, Id works by Reflex Action  I.e., Reacts automatically to in/external irritants (E.g., sneezing, blinking, coughing, etc) ! If needed object not immediately available, Id forms mental image of it  Primary process ! imagery production aimed at gratification  Wish Fulfillment ! when infant’s image of desired object (e.g., food) ! can (temporarily) fulfill desire EGO ! Das Ich "the I" ! Emerges during first 6 months ! Rational Self ! Governed by reality principle  Postpones discharge of energy until appropriate situation or object in real world appears ! Secondary process:  reality based problem solving  I.e., creates a strategy for obtaining actual object or situation SUPEREGO ! Das Uberich "the over-I" ! Emerges age 4 ! Strives for the ideal rather than the real ! Governed by Moral / Idealistic Principle ! Functions divided into two spheres:  Conscience ! fosters morally right behavior by inhibiting impulses for pleasure and by persuading ego to attend to moral concerns  Ego ideal ! promotes idealistic/perfectionistic goals ! Develops through incorporation  taking in of parents' values; defensive identification ! child internalizes moral values of same-sex parent INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICT  Energy Hypothesis  Anxiety  Defense Mechanisms  Sublimation  Empirical Studies of Defenses Energy Hypothesis Repression requires energy, and the more energy tied up in the conflict, the less energy is available for dealing with current reality1/25/10 5 anxiety  neurotic anxiety  moral anxiety  reality anxiety EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS ! Defense mechanisms operate unconsciously to protect the ego against the pain of anxiety ! Unconscious ego processes that keep disturbing, unconscious thoughts from being expressed directly ! An absolute necessity since conscious awareness of all of our myriad conflicting motives & impulses would be overwhelming ! Defense mechanisms operate in combination to protect ego from neurotic & moral anxiety Defense Mechanisms  Denial  not acknowledging painful aspects of reality  Projection  people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others  Defensive Identification  taking on others' characteristics to reduce one's anxiety or negative emotions  Projective Identification  rejecting threatening features of self and projecting them onto another  Displacement 