9/11/08 1 Personality Psychology Psychology 370 Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. Professor California State University, Northridge CHAPTER SIX HORNEY AND RELATIONAL THEORY: Interpersonal Psychoanalytic Theory Chapter Overview  INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS: HORNEY  Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility  Three Interpersonal Orientations  Moving toward People: The Self-Effacing Solution  Moving against People: The Expansive Solution  Moving away from People: The Resignation Solution  Healthy Versus Neurotic Use of Interpersonal Orientations  Major Adjustments to Basic Anxiety  Eclipsing the Conflict: Moving toward or against Others  Detachment: Moving away from Others  The Idealized Self: Moving away from the Real Self  Externalization: Projection of Inner Conflict9/11/08 2 Chapter Overview  INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS: HORNEY Cont.  Secondary Adjustment Techniques  Cultural Determinants of Development  Gender Roles  Cross-Cultural Differences  Therapy  Self-Analysis  Parental Behavior and Personality Development Chapter Overview  THE RELATIONAL APPROACH WITHIN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY  The Sense of Self in Relationships  Narcissism  Attachment in Infancy and Adulthood  Infant Attachment  Adult Attachments and Relationships  Longitudinal Studies of Attachment  Parenting  Therapy Preview of Horney’s Theory and Object Relations Theory9/11/08 3 Karen Horney • Born in Germany in 1885 • Authoritarian sea captain Lutheran father • Studied medicine at the University of Freiburg • Established the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute in 1920 • Moved to the US in 1932 to practice psychoanalysis • Studied Zen Buddhism • Died in 1952 Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility BASIC ANXIETY: feeling lonely and helpless in a hostile world BASIC HOSTILITY: must be repressed for survival and security  dependency  fear of parents  fear of loss of love Horney’s Model of Neurotic Conflict9/11/08 4 Three Interpersonal Orientations  moving toward (self-effacing solution)  moving against (expansive solution)  moving away (resignation solution) Measurement of Interpersonal Orientation: The Cohen CAD Scale  “To have something good to say about everyone seems…”  [Moving Toward: Compliance Scale]  “For me to have enough money or power to impress self-styled “big shots” would be…”  [Moving Against: Aggression Scale]  “Being free of social obligations is…”  [Moving Away: Detachment Scale] MOVING TOWARD PEOPLE “the self-effacing solution”  needs affection and approval  needs a partner (friend; spouse; lover)  undemanding and compliant  lives life within narrow borders  manipulative demands “poor me”; playing the martyr; the saint  represses competition or dominance  represses rage, anger, hostility temper tantrums9/11/08 5 MOVING AGAINST PEOPLE “the expansive solution”  Machiavellian, likeable facade  needs control, dominance and power  exploits others  self-worth derived from success and prestige  chooses a partner to enhance prestige, wealth, or power  identifies with the ideal self MOVING AWAY FROM PEOPLE “the solution of resignation”  attitude of “I don't care about anything”  emotionally flat  self-sufficient; unassailable  counterdependent (need to never be dependent on anyone)  belittles own potential  lacks goals  overly sensitive to coercion or advice  vacillates between despised real self and ideal self9/11/08 6 Healthy Versus Neurotic Use of Interpersonal Orientations Neurotic: overemphasizes one orientation Healthy: uses all orientations Neurotic trends  disproportionate in intensity  indiscriminant in application  everyone must love me; I must be better than everyone; etc.  disregard for reality  intense anxiety if not satisfied9/11/08 7 MAJOR ADJUSTMENTS TO BASIC ANXIETY:  eclipsing the conflict  detachment  the idealized self  alienation from the real self  the tyranny of the shoulds  externalization SECONDARY ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES:  blind spots  compartmentalizing  rationalization  excessive self-control  arbitrary rightness  elusiveness  cynicism Cultural Determinants Of Development9/11/08 8 Cultural Determinants Of Development THERAPY Self-analysis  personal journal Parental Behavior and Personality Development PARENTAL INDIFFERENCE: THE “BASIC EVIL”  coldly indifferent  may be openly hostile, rejecting the child  child feels unwanted and unloved  caused by the parents’ own neuroses9/11/08 9 The Relational Approach Within Psychoanalytic Theory The Relational Approach Within Psychoanalytic Theory  Relational Approach  Object Relations9/11/08 10 The Sense of Self in Relationships  Early relationships  Sense of self Narcissism  Narcissistic Personality Disorder  Self-esteem9/11/08 11 Attachment in Infancy and Adulthood o Infant Attachment o Adult Attachments and Relationships o Secure o Avoidant o Anxious-ambivalent o Longitudinal Studies of Attachment Ainsworth’s Description of Infant Temperament Types Compared with Horney’s Model of Interpersonal Orientations A Model of Adult Attachment Styles9/11/08 12 Parenting  Emotional state  Research and clinicians Therapy Opportunity for transformation of old maladaptive relationship patterns to new, healthy ones9/11/08 13 Chapter review INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS: HORNEY  Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility  Three Interpersonal Orientations  Major Adjustments to Basic Anxiety  Secondary Adjustment Techniques  Cultural Determinants of Development  Therapy  Parental Behavior and Personality Development THE RELATIONAL APPROACH WITHIN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY  The Sense of Self in Relationships  Narcissism  Attachment in Infancy and Adulthood  Parenting