2/9/10 1 Personality Psychology Psychology 370 Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. Professor California State University, Northridge CHAPTER FIVE ERIKSON: Psychosocial Development Chapter Overview  Illustrative Biography: MAHATMA GANDHI  The Epigenetic Principle  The Eight Psychosocial Stages  The Role of Culture in Relation to the Eight Stages  Racial and Ethnic Identity  Gender  Children’s Play  Male and Female Identity Resolution  Research on Development Through the Psychosocial Stages  Identity Status  Other Psychosocial Stages  Correlates of Stage Measures  Toward a Psychoanalytic Social Psychology Preview of Erikson’s Theory Erik Erikson  Born (1902) in Germany to a Jewish mother  early struggle with identity  Developmental psychologist and Psychoanalyst  Trained at Freud's institute in Vienna  Appointments at the University of California at Berkeley and at Harvard  Died in1994 Illustrative Biography: MAHATMA GANDHI  Description Clip on Gandhi  Development  Adjustment2/9/10 2 Illustrative Biography: MAHATMA GANDHI  Cognition  Society  Biology The Epigenetic Principle "anything that grows has a ground plan, and that out of this ground plan the parts arise, each part having its time of special ascendancy, until all parts have arisen to form a functioning whole." Erikson’s Theory " Erikson’s view was that the social environment combined with biological maturation provides each individual with a set of “crises” that must be resolved. " The individual is provided with a “sensitive period” in which to successfully resolve each crisis before a new crisis is presented. " The results of the resolution, whether successful or not, are carried forward to the next crisis and provide the foundation for its resolution. Psychosocial Stages life span approach  Psychosocial: offered as an alternative to Freud’s psychosexual approach  emphasizes social interactions, culture, and trust Psychosocial Stages Compared with Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Stage Basic Conflict Important Events Outcome Infancy (birth to 18 months) Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding " Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliabilty, care, and affection. " Child develops a belief that the environment can be counted on to meet his/her basic physiological & social needs. " Success=> feelings of trust Basic Strength: HOPE " A lack of this will lead to mistrust. " Core Pathology: WITHDRAWAL2/9/10 3 Stage Basic Conflict Important Events Outcome Early Childhood (2 to 3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Toilet Training " Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. " Child learns what he/she can control & develop a sense of free will & corresponding sense of regret & sorrow for inappropriate use of self-control. " Success +> feelings of autonomy " Basic Strength: WILL " Failure results in feelings of shame and doubt " Core Pathology: COMPULSION Stage Basic Conflict Important Events Outcome Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration " Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. " Child learns to begin action, to explore, to imagine as well as feeling remorse for actions. " Success in this stage leads to a sense of PURPOSE (Basic Strength) " Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt " Core Pathology: INHIBITION Stage Basic Conflict Important Events Outcome School Age (6 to 11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority School " Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. " Child learns to do things well or correctly in comparison to a standard or to others. " Success leads to a sense of COMPETENCE (Basic Strength), " While failure results in feelings of inferiority " Core Pathology: INERTIA Stage Basic Conflict Important Events Outcome Adolescence (12 to 18 years) Identity vs. Role Confusion Social Relationships " Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. " Teens develop a sense of self in relationship to others & to own internal thoughts & desires (social id & personal id) " Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself " Basic Strength: FIDELITY " While failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self " Core Pathology: REPUDIATION Stage Basic Conflict Important Events Outcome Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years) Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships " Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. " Develops ability to give & receive love; begins to make long-term commitment to relationships. " Success leads to strong relationships " Basic Strength: CAPACITY TO LOVE " While failure results in loneliness and isolation " Core Pathology: EXCLUSIVITY Stage Basic Conflict Important Events Outcome Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years) Generativity vs. Stagnation Work and Parenthood " Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them (by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people). " Develops interest in guiding the development of the next generation. " Success => feelings of usefulness / accomplishment. " Basic Strength: CARE " While failure results in shallow involvement in the world " Core Pathology: REJECTIVITY2/9/10 4 Stage Basic Conflict Important Events Outcome Maturity (65 to death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on Life " Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. " Develops a sense of acceptance of life as it was lived & the importance of the people & relationships that individual developed over the lifespan. " Success at this stage leads to feelings of WISDOM (Basic Strength) " While failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair " Core Pathology: DISDAIN The Role of Culture in Relation to the Eight Stages The Epigenetic Chart A Ninth Stage " Dystonic Resurgence or Gerotranscedence  This period does not pose a new crisis comparable to those of traditional 8 stages.  Rather, very elderly return to issues of earlier stages, confronting more directly negative poles of stages as