Physics 2102 Jonathan Dowling Lecture 36 FRI 17 APR 34 1 4 Geometrical optics Geometrical Optics Geometrical optics rough approximation light rays particles that travel in straight lines Physical Classical optics good approximation electromagnetic waves which have amplitude and phase that can change Quantum Optics exact Light is BOTH a particle photon and a wave wave particle duality Plane Mirrors Light rays reflect on a plane mirror and produce a virtual image behind the mirror What s a virtual image It means the light rays are NOT coming from a real point there is no light where the image appears object image i p for a plane mirror Ray Tracing Plane Flat Mirror Draw Two Rays From Object to Point on Mirror Draw Perpendicular Line to Mirror From Each Point Use i r To Draw Reflected Rays to Eye Extend Reflected Rays Behind Mirror to Find Virtual Image Ray Tracing Plane Flat Mirror m ho hi 1 hi ho ho do Image distance is minus Object distance do di means image is behind minus the mirror and do di means image is behind mirror same distance object is in front Virtual image means no light actually is at the image location optical illusion Magnification m 1 means image has same height as object m 1 and image is right side up m is plus Spherical mirrors Focal point is at half the curvatuire radius f r 2 Rays parallel to the axis reflect through the focal point Rays hitting the mirror after going to the focal point emerge parallel Rays going through the center of curvature reflect back on themselves Concave mirrors r 0 Convex mirrors r 0 Images from spherical mirrors Consider an object placed between the focal point and the mirror It will produce a virtual image behind the mirror When the object is at the focal point the image is produced at infinity If the object is beyond the focal point a real image forms at a distance i from the mirror 1 1 1 p i f i m p Check the signs lateral magnification Ray Tracing Concave Mirror Image Outside Focal Point Horizontal Ray Bounces Through Focal Point Ray Through Focal Point Bounces into Horizontal Ray Through Center Bounces Straight Back At cha Rays Cross at Image Point Image is Real Light At Image Inverted and Shrunk m ho hi is minus and m 1 and do and di are both positive to left Ray Tracing Concave Mirror Image Inside Focal Point Horizontal Ray Bounces Through Focal Point Ray Through Focal Point Bounces into Horizontal Ray Through Center Bounces Straight Back At cha Project Behind Mirror to Cross at Virtual Image Image is Virtual no light Upright and Enlarged m ho hi is plus and 1 And do and di are on opposite sides of mirror Ray Tracing Convex Mirror Horizontal Ray Bounces Into Line of Focal Point Ray Towards Focal Point Bounces into Horizontal Ray Towards Center Bounces Straight Back At cha Project Rays Behind Mirror Cross at Virtual Image Image is Virtual no light Upright and Shrunk m ho hi is plus and 1 And do and di are on opposite sides of mirror Example An object 2cm high is located 10cm from a convex mirror with a radius of curvature of 10cm Locate the image and find its height Focal length f r 2 10cm 2 5cm Image position 1 i 1 f 1 p 1 5cm 1 10cm 3 10cm i 10 3cm 3 33 cm the image is virtual Magnification m i p 3 33cm 10cm 0 33 upright smaller If the object image is 2cm the image height is 0 33 x 2cm 0 67 cm Newton s Reflecting Telescope Hubble Hubble Toil and Trouble Hubble mirror screw up The central region of the mirror was flatter than it should be by just one fiftieth of the width of a human hair This is equivalent to only four wavelengths of visible light but it was enough One insider said that the Hubble mirror was very accurate very accurately the wrong shape A star seen with a ground telescope and with old Hubble The same star seen with the new Hubble Before and after
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