NUTR 202 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 6 1 List dietary sources of protein Animal based meat eggs dairy products high in saturated fat and cholesterol provide B vitamins and some absorbable minerals Plant based grains nuts legumes peas peanuts beans soybeans lentils low in saturated fat no cholesterol high in fiber phytochemicals and unsaturated fat 2 Describe the elemental components and general structure of an amino acid and the structure of protein Structure of amino acids acid group COOH amine group NH 2 unique side chain Element components of amino acid nitrogen Structure of protein amino acids 3 Define peptide bond The bond between amino acids in which the acid group of one amino acid is connected to the amine group of another amino acid 4 Distinguish between essential and nonessential amino acids Essential amino acids histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine theorine tryptophan valine Non essential amino acids alanine arginine asparagine aspartic acid cysteine glutamic acid glutamine glycine proline serine tyrosine For essential amino acids PVT TIM HaLL private Tim Hall 5 Discuss how the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain affects protein structure and function of the protein Order and chemical properties of the amino acids in a polypeptide determine its final shape Shape determines the function of the protein 6 Define denaturation and discuss how this affects the function of a protein Alteration of a protein s 3 dimensional structure unfolding Shape changes therefore function changes 7 List ways in which a protein may be denatured Exposure to heat acids bases or salts 8 Describe the steps of protein digestion and absorption In the mouth chewing begins the mechanical breakdown of protein In the stomach hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin begin the chemical digestion of protein In the small intestine protein digesting enzymes secreted from the pancreas along with those in the brush border break down polypeptides into amino acids dipeptides and tripeptides A variety of transport proteins move the products of protein digestion into the mucosal cell Dipeptides and tripeptides can enter the mucosal cells and are then broken down into single amino acids 9 Discuss the steps involved in protein synthesis First step occurs inside of the nucleus called transcription copying the DNA code mRNA created mRNA joins ribosome Third step occurs in the cytoplasm called translation translating the DNA code into amino acids tRNA delivers amino acids 10 Define transamination and deamination Transamination the process by which an amino group from one amino acid is transferred to a carbon compound to form a new amino acid Deamination the removal of the amino group from an amino acid 11 Identify the functions of proteins in the body Speed up chemical reactions ex enzymes Structures Some chemical signals ex hormones Transportation of substances Movement of muscles Immunity example antibodies Blood clotting Fluid balance 12 Describe nitrogen balance and how is relates to protein needs Nitrogen intake nitrogen output healthy adult Nitrogen intake nitrogen output injury illness Nitrogen intake nitrogen output growth and development 13 Identify the RDA for adults and AMDR for protein RDA 0 80 g kg day AMDR 10 35 14 Knowing an individual s weight calculate their protein requirements based on RDA Calculate protein needs per day multiply weight in kilograms which equals weight in pounds multiplied by 0 45 by the recommended amount for the individual s age 15 Identify conditions in which an individual may have increased protein requirements greater than the RDA Pregnancy and lactation Injury and infection Competitive athletes 16 Describe the conditions under which the body uses protein to produce energy When we do not consume enough calories to meet needs 17 Distinguish kwashiorkor from marasmus Pure protein deficiency Characterized by edema especially in the belly Severe energy and protein deficiency Characterized by wasting 18 List other conditions or problems associated with inadequate protein intake Muscle protein is broken down to provide amino acids to make hormones and enzymes for which there is an immediate need If protein deficiency continues eventually so much body protein is lost that all life sustaining functions cannot be supported In some cases too much protein or the wrong proteins can also contribute to health problems 19 Explain why protein energy malnutrition is more common in children than in adults Have high energy and protein needs for growth 20 Discuss the potential risks associated with a high protein diet Hydration and kidney function issues Increased calcium loss in urine Increased risk for heart disease cancer kidney stones 21 Explain how dietary protein can trigger a food allergy Food allergies are triggered when a protein from the diet is absorbed without being completely digested 22 Describe celiac disease list the classic symptoms of this condition and the treatment for it Autoimmune condition due to allergic reaction to protein in wheat rye barley Symptoms Treatment 23 List the types of vegetarian diets and define each type Semivegetarian excludes red meat but may include fish and poultry as well as dairy products and eggs Pescetarian excludes all animal flesh except fish Lacto ovo vegetarian excludes all animal but does include eggs and dairy products such as milk and cheese Lacto vegetarian excludes animal flesh and eggs but does include dairy products Vegan excludes all food of animal origin 24 Discuss the benefits and risks of vegetarian diets Benefits o Vegetarian diets may have lower body weight o Associated with a reduced incidence of High blood pressure Type 2 diabetes Heart disease Certain cancers o Benefits may be related to a diet that is High fiber and phytochemicals Low saturated fat and cholesterol diet Risks deficiency in protein vitamin B12 calcium vitamin D zinc iron iodine omega 3 fatty acids 25 List the nutrients of concern for those who are following a vegan diet Protein vitamin B12 calcium vitamin D iron zinc omega 3 fatty acids 26 Distinguish between complete and incomplete proteins and identify sources of each Complete proteins proteins that contain all of the essential acids with some nonessential ones o Examples animal sources of proteins soy proteins possibly quinoa tofu Incomplete protiens proteins that are low in one or more essential amino acids o Examples plant protiens Chapter 7 1 Define vitamin Vitamin